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Helpful Suggestions

Key details from Africa's origin to Neolithic Revolution, covering oral history, archaeology, and primary sources. Learn about economists, interpreting evidence, Hammurabi's code, hierarchies, and Confucianism. Understand the caste system, samsara, and the Phoenicians' contributions. Ideal for exam prep.

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Helpful Suggestions

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  1. Helpful Suggestions Or helpful hints for the Global History and Geography I Regents Midterm Examination

  2. Africa – The Origin of Humanity • Africa is the birthplace of humanity • The first humans appeared in Africa • Anthropologists like Louis and Mary Leakey worked in Africa and uncovered fossils of early humans • The Leakeys worked in the Great Rift Valley in East Africa

  3. Hunters-Gatherers • The first humans were hunters and gatherers • Before humans farmed, they hunted and gathered • Hunters and gatherers are nomads; they move in search of animals • A hunting and gathering community tends to have a small population • It is easier to move and feed a small group of people • Highly mobile, small populations, greater equality  Few possessions  no social classes

  4. The Neolithic Revolution • The Neolithic Revolution was a significant turning point in world history • It occurred 10,000 years ago • Some people learned to farm and domesticate animals • Some hunters and gatherers learned to farm • They settled and established villages • Sedentary societies emerged

  5. Oral History • Passing information by the spoken word • Before the invention of writing • Provide cultural evidence • An oral history reveals information about religion, food, family, and clothing • An oral history reveals information about culture

  6. Archaeology • The study of human history and prehistory through the excavation of sites and the analysis of artifacts and other physical remains • To excavate is to dig • An artifact is an object made by a human • Archaeologists excavate or dig up objects • Archaeologists determine what happened in the past from excavated artifacts

  7. Primary Source • It is an eyewitness account of an event • Examples include a diary, newspaper article, letter and video • A historian reads a primary source carefully and critically – is it accurate? • A historian checks the primary source with other sources • By doing this, reliability is established • Reliability determines the trustworthiness of the document

  8. Economists • Economics is the study of the production, consumption and distribution of goods and services • Economists study money and jobs and trade and the business of business • Economists know that scarcity exists • Scarcity is the economic concept that wants are always greater than resources • There is never as much time or money or gold or oil as we would like

  9. Interpreting Evidence • Archaeologists and historians interpret evidence • When an artifact is discovered, the archaeologist determines what its purpose was or why it was created • To interpret is to explain the meaning of things

  10. The Land between the Tigris and Euphrates • The land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers was known as Mesopotamia • Mesopotamia is located in present-day Iraq • Mesopotamia is part of a larger area known as the Fertile Crescent • The Fertile Crescent is a quarter-moon shape region with land that is good for farming from the Persian Gulf through Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel and northern Egypt

  11. The Code of Hammurabi • An early written law code • Provided consistent rules • Harsh punishments • But class divisions – a rich man was punished differently than a poor man

  12. A Hierarchy • A hierarchy is a ranking system • In a hierarchy, people are ranked according to status or power • In the caste system, priests are ranked higher than merchants • In a class system, nobles are ranked higher than peasants • If there are ranks, there is hierarchy

  13. Confucianism • Confucius believed that order in society created peace • In his Five Relationships, there were superior people and inferior people • Superior individuals set good examples • If a ruler sets a good example, his subjects will follow • The Five Relationships: emperor and subject, father and son, husband and wife, elder brother and younger brother, and friend and friend

  14. Confucianism and Filial Piety • To honor and respect parents and ancestors • A good son cares for his elderly parents • He does not travel far away • A good son respects his parents

  15. Similarities – Ancient Egypt and Ancient China – Early Civilizations • Developed near rivers • Hierarchical • Written forms of expression

  16. Caste System • The fixed social class system of the Hindu religion of India • BIRTH determines caste • The castes are priests, warriors, merchants and farmers • Untouchables belong to no caste; they are outcastes • Caste, karma and dharma resulted in the establishment of a set of rules for each member of the community

  17. Samsara • Samsara is rebirth • Hindus and Buddhist believe in samsara or reincarnation • To believe in reincarnation is to believe that the soul is reborn

  18. Phoenicians • Seafaring people • Manufactured a brilliant purple dye • Invented the world’s first alphabet • Traded goods throughout the Mediterranean Sea • Were “carriers of civilization”

  19. Monotheism • The belief in one God • Judaism, Christianity and Islam are monotheistic faiths • Sometimes referred to as Abrahamic faiths

  20. Polytheism • Polytheism is the belief in many gods • Humanity’s earliest religious expression was polytheistic

  21. The Four Noble Truths • The foundational beliefs of Buddhism • Life has suffering • Desire causes suffering • Suffering can end • Follow the Noble Eightfold Path – the path to suffering’s end

  22. The Roman Empire • Dominated trade on the Mediterranean Sea • Ruled land on three continents: Europe, Asia and Africa • Developed a republican form of government • In a republic, citizens vote for representatives • Developed the Twelve Tables – written laws

  23. Athens vs. Sparta • Athens: golden age, democracy, art and literature • Athens: only free men voted in Athens • Sparta: militaristic • Sparta: helots or Spartan slaves farmed • Athenians thought Spartan society was too strict

  24. Gupta Empire • Classical Civilization of India • Experienced a golden age • A time of peace, prosperity and great achievements • Developed the concept of zero and infinity • Developed a decimal system • Developed vaccinations • Built stupas and beautiful paintings in the Caves of Ajanta

  25. Alexander the Great • Macedonian conqueror • Conquered a vast empire from the Nile River to the Indus River • Spread Greek culture • Spread Hellenism – a Greek-like culture

  26. Silk Roads • Overland trade route connecting China to the Eastern Mediterranean coast • Luxury goods from China like silk and porcelain • Destined for markets in other lands • Increased cultural diffusion • Merchants exchanged goods and ideas • Buddhism spread on the Silk Roads

  27. Examination System in China • To work in government, a candidate had to pass a rigorous exam • The examination system was open to all men • Any man could take the test even a poor man • Limited social mobility – a poor man could become a scholar-gentry and move up in the social hierarchy • But social mobility was limited • It was difficult for a poor man to have the funds needed to train for the examinations

  28. Comparison – Examination System in China and Hindu Caste System • The examination system afforded limited social mobility • The caste system lacked social mobility • In the caste system, a person cannot change his caste • In China, a poor man could pass the examination for government service • In China, a poor man could move into a higher rank, a higher class

  29. The Format of the Test • Part I - 30 Stimulus-Based Multiple-Choice Question - Each question is worth 2.5 points for a total of 75 points • Part II - 2 Short-Answer Questions with Parts (1st 2 parts/ 2nd 3 parts) - Each response is worth 5 points for a total of 25 points

  30. Remember to Study • Success is 99% preparation or some high percentage like that

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