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Crafting Effective Maps with GIS: Making the Right Choices

Learn how to create impactful maps with GIS by understanding map elements, types, and designs. Explore various cartographic elements, map types, data scaling, and visualization techniques. Discover the importance of selecting the right map type to enhance communication effectiveness. Gain insights into spatialization, map dimensionality, and classification methods for accurate representation. Become proficient in GIS map-making to convey information effectively.

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Crafting Effective Maps with GIS: Making the Right Choices

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  1. Making Maps With GIS Getting Started with GIS Chapter 7

  2. Making Maps With GIS 7.1 The Parts of a Map 7.2 Choosing a Map Type 7.3 Designing the Map

  3. What is a map? • “A graphic depiction of all or part of a geographic realm in which the real-world features have been replaced by symbols in their correct spatial location at a reduced scale.” power line

  4. Map function in GIS • Storage • Temporary communication • Intermediate check of data • Final report • To be effective, must be correctly designed and constructed.

  5. The Parts of a Map: Map Elements

  6. The medium is the message Paper Film Mylar Monitor Projection Broadcast TV THE DISPLAY IS PART OF THE SYMBOLIZATION

  7. Cartographic Elements • Medium • Figure • Ground • Reference information

  8. Cartographic Elements (2) • Border • Neatline • Insets • Scale up • Scale down • Metadata e.g. index • Off-map references

  9. Cartographic Elements (3) • Page coordinates • Ground elements • Graticule/Grid • North arrow

  10. Cartographic Elements (4) • Figure • Point/Line/Area symbols • Text • Place Names • Title

  11. Cartographic Elements (5) • Reference Information • Scale • Projection(s) • Sources (2) • Credits • Legend • Reliability

  12. Mapping uncertainty

  13. Map “impact”: Your preference? • A. Distribution of Employment by State 1996 • B. USA: Employment Distribution 1996 • C. U.S. Employment: 1996 Distribution • D. America at Work • E. Where the Jobs are Today

  14. Text: Selection and Placement

  15. Choosing Elements • Map research • Map compilation • Worksheet • Selection • Placement • Layout • Tools in GIS not ideal

  16. ArcGIS Map Layout a. Love it, it does everything I want. e. Drives me insane, never use it.

  17. Choosing a Map Type • Cartographers have designed hundreds of map types: methods of cartographic representation. • Not all GISs allow all types. • Most have a set of basic types • Depends heavily on the dimension of the data to be shown in the map figure.

  18. Choosing the Wrong Type • Fairly common GIS error. • Due to lack of knowledge about cartographic options. • Can still have perfect symbolization. • Possibility of misinformation • Definite reduction in communication effectiveness.

  19. Map Types: Point Data • Reference • Topographic • Dot • Picture Symbol • Graduated Symbol

  20. Reference Map

  21. Topographic Map

  22. Dot Map

  23. Picture Symbol Map

  24. Graduated Symbol Map

  25. Map Types: Line Data • Network • Flow • Isopleth • Reference

  26. Origin of Flow Maps Harness, H. D. (1837). Atlas to Accompany the Second Report of the Railway Commissioners, Ireland. Dublin: Irish Railway Commission.

  27. Flow Map

  28. Map Types: Area Data • Choropleth • Area qualitative • Stepped surface • Hypsometric • Dasymetric • Reference

  29. Area Qualitative Map

  30. Stepped Statistical Surface

  31. iClicker: A=Excellent E=Horrible

  32. iClicker: A=Excellent E=Horrible

  33. Map Types: Volume Data • [Isopleth, Stepped Surface, Hypsometric] • Gridded fishnet • Realistic perspective • Hill-shaded • Image map

  34. Isoline Map Lines join points with equal value Often point to raster: interpolated Common routines are splines and IDW Kriging also useful TIN often created as intermediate

  35. Fishnet or Gridded Perspective View Lines on X, Y axis with hidden Line elimination Also possible to use lines at 90 deg to line of sight Many variants Can use anaglyphic stereo

  36. Realistic Perspective View

  37. Hill-shaded Relief Map

  38. Image Map

  39. Anaglyphic stereo

  40. Shuttered Stereo

  41. Map Types: Time • Multiple views • Animation • Moving map • Fly thru • Fly by

  42. Small multiples

  43. Cartographic Animations http://www.ncgia.ucsb.edu/projects/gig/v2/About/abImages/apps/sb_growth.gif http://www.aaronkoblin.com/work/faa/us.html

  44. Spatialization: SOM Skupin, A. (2002) A Cartographic Approach to Visualizing Conference Abstracts. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications. 22 (1): 50 - 58.

  45. Map Type and Dimensionality

  46. Choosing Types • Check the data • Continuous • Discrete • Accuracy & Precision • Reliability • Dimension (Point, Line, Area, Volume) • Scale of Measurment (Nominal etc.) • GIS capability • May need to supplement GIS software

  47. Data Scaling (Stevens) • Nominal (Name of a place) • Ordinal (Small, med., large town) • Interval (Arbitrary zero e.g. Sea Level) • Ratio (Absolute zero e.g. dollars, densities)

  48. Example: Choropleth Mapping • Data should be AREA (e.g. States) • Data should not suffer from area effect. • Population? • Per capita Income? • Elevation? Temperature? • Boundaries unambiguous. • Areas non-overlapping.

  49. Classification • Equal Interval • Natural groups • N-tiles • Equal or unequal? • Logarithmic? Linear? Discontinuous? • How many classes? • Non-overlapping, distinctive groups.

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