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Making Maps With GIS

Making Maps With GIS. Getting Started with GIS Chapter 7. Making Maps With GIS. 7.1 The Parts of a Map 7.2 Choosing a Map Type 7.3 Designing the Map. What is a map?.

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Making Maps With GIS

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  1. Making Maps With GIS Getting Started with GIS Chapter 7

  2. Making Maps With GIS 7.1 The Parts of a Map 7.2 Choosing a Map Type 7.3 Designing the Map

  3. What is a map? • “A graphic depiction of all or part of a geographic realm in which the real-world features have been replaced by symbols in their correct spatial location at a reduced scale.” power line

  4. Map function in GIS • Storage • Temporary communication • Intermediate check of data • Final report • To be effective, must be correctly designed and constructed.

  5. The Parts of a Map: Map Elements

  6. The medium is the message Paper Film Mylar Monitor Projection Broadcast TV THE DISPLAY IS PART OF THE SYMBOLIZATION

  7. Cartographic Elements • Medium • Figure • Ground • Reference information

  8. Cartographic Elements (2) • Border • Neatline • Insets • Scale up • Scale down • Metadata e.g. index • Off-map references

  9. Cartographic Elements (3) • Page coordinates • Ground elements • Graticule/Grid • North arrow

  10. Cartographic Elements (4) • Figure • Point/Line/Area symbols • Text • Place Names • Title

  11. Cartographic Elements (5) • Reference Information • Scale • Projection(s) • Sources (2) • Credits • Legend • Reliability

  12. Mapping uncertainty

  13. Map “impact”: Your preference? • A. Distribution of Employment by State 1996 • B. USA: Employment Distribution 1996 • C. U.S. Employment: 1996 Distribution • D. America at Work • E. Where the Jobs are Today

  14. Text: Selection and Placement

  15. Choosing Elements • Map research • Map compilation • Worksheet • Selection • Placement • Layout • Tools in GIS not ideal

  16. ArcGIS Map Layout a. Love it, it does everything I want. e. Drives me insane, never use it.

  17. Choosing a Map Type • Cartographers have designed hundreds of map types: methods of cartographic representation. • Not all GISs allow all types. • Most have a set of basic types • Depends heavily on the dimension of the data to be shown in the map figure.

  18. Choosing the Wrong Type • Fairly common GIS error. • Due to lack of knowledge about cartographic options. • Can still have perfect symbolization. • Possibility of misinformation • Definite reduction in communication effectiveness.

  19. Map Types: Point Data • Reference • Topographic • Dot • Picture Symbol • Graduated Symbol

  20. Reference Map

  21. Topographic Map

  22. Dot Map

  23. Picture Symbol Map

  24. Graduated Symbol Map

  25. Map Types: Line Data • Network • Flow • Isopleth • Reference

  26. Origin of Flow Maps Harness, H. D. (1837). Atlas to Accompany the Second Report of the Railway Commissioners, Ireland. Dublin: Irish Railway Commission.

  27. Flow Map

  28. Map Types: Area Data • Choropleth • Area qualitative • Stepped surface • Hypsometric • Dasymetric • Reference

  29. Area Qualitative Map

  30. Stepped Statistical Surface

  31. iClicker: A=Excellent E=Horrible

  32. iClicker: A=Excellent E=Horrible

  33. Map Types: Volume Data • [Isopleth, Stepped Surface, Hypsometric] • Gridded fishnet • Realistic perspective • Hill-shaded • Image map

  34. Isoline Map Lines join points with equal value Often point to raster: interpolated Common routines are splines and IDW Kriging also useful TIN often created as intermediate

  35. Fishnet or Gridded Perspective View Lines on X, Y axis with hidden Line elimination Also possible to use lines at 90 deg to line of sight Many variants Can use anaglyphic stereo

  36. Realistic Perspective View

  37. Hill-shaded Relief Map

  38. Image Map

  39. Anaglyphic stereo

  40. Shuttered Stereo

  41. Map Types: Time • Multiple views • Animation • Moving map • Fly thru • Fly by

  42. Small multiples

  43. Cartographic Animations http://www.ncgia.ucsb.edu/projects/gig/v2/About/abImages/apps/sb_growth.gif http://www.aaronkoblin.com/work/faa/us.html

  44. Spatialization: SOM Skupin, A. (2002) A Cartographic Approach to Visualizing Conference Abstracts. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications. 22 (1): 50 - 58.

  45. Map Type and Dimensionality

  46. Choosing Types • Check the data • Continuous • Discrete • Accuracy & Precision • Reliability • Dimension (Point, Line, Area, Volume) • Scale of Measurment (Nominal etc.) • GIS capability • May need to supplement GIS software

  47. Data Scaling (Stevens) • Nominal (Name of a place) • Ordinal (Small, med., large town) • Interval (Arbitrary zero e.g. Sea Level) • Ratio (Absolute zero e.g. dollars, densities)

  48. Example: Choropleth Mapping • Data should be AREA (e.g. States) • Data should not suffer from area effect. • Population? • Per capita Income? • Elevation? Temperature? • Boundaries unambiguous. • Areas non-overlapping.

  49. Classification • Equal Interval • Natural groups • N-tiles • Equal or unequal? • Logarithmic? Linear? Discontinuous? • How many classes? • Non-overlapping, distinctive groups.

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