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Physics of CP Violation and Nagoya　Physics

Physics of CP Violation and Nagoya　Physics. A.I. Sanda Kanagawa University. Events leading to proper parameterization of CP violation. Discoveries before 1980 Discoveries after 1980 Mechanism of large CP violation Recent developments. Discoveries before 1980. 1956 Sakata model

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Physics of CP Violation and Nagoya　Physics

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  1. Physics of CP Violation and Nagoya　Physics A.I. Sanda Kanagawa University

  2. Events leading to proper parameterization of CP violation • Discoveries before 1980 • Discoveries after 1980 • Mechanism of large CP violation • Recent developments

  3. Discoveries before 1980 • 1956 Sakata model • 1962Two neutrinos with mass and mixing • 1964 Quark model • 1964CP Violation in • 1971 Nagoya discovery of charm • 1973KM model • 1974J/ψ • 1975 charm particles • 1976Υ(1S) • 1980Prediction of large CPV in B decays

  4. Prog. Theoretical Physics 28 870, (1962) 1962 Discovery of mixing angles for two neutrinos Assuming that p,n,Λ are bound states of leptons and other fundamental particles, Maki, Sakata, and Nakagawa stated before Cabibbo introduces the mixing angle for quarks

  5. Discoveries before 1980 • 1956 Sakata model • 1962 Two neutrinos with mass and mixing • 1964 Quark model • 1964CP Violation in • 1971 Nagoya discovery of charm • 1973KM model • 1974J/ψ • 1975 charm particles • 1976Υ(1S) • 1980Prediction of large CPV in B decays

  6. Sakata Model Pcharge　＋１ N, Λcharge　０

  7. s ＋ Ｋ ０ Ｋ u d η’ π＋ η π― π０ ー ０ Ｋ ー Ｋ triplet of quarks and the octet of mesons Gell-Mann

  8. Goldberger Wightman Wigner Wheeler Fitch Cronin Adler Weisberger Schwarz Gross Callan Axiomatic Field Theory Finite energy sum rules Nonsense wrong signiture fixed poles Tripple pomeron vertex Finite energy sumrules for inclusive reactions Psychology of the times Princeton 1965-1969

  9. Mood of the particle physics community at that time Analiticity and unitarity Field theory was out except for axiomatic FT Chew, Goldberger, Low, and Nambu (CGLN) hostile enviroment for quark model

  10. Gell-Mann was scared of Chew and Goldberger We construct a mathematical theory … , which may or may not have anything to do with reality, find suitable algebraic relations that hold in the model, postulate their validity, and then throw away the model. We may compare this process to a method sometimes employed in French cuisine: a piece of pheasant meat is cooked between two slices of veal, which are then discarded. M. Gell-Mann p.198 The Eightfold Way

  11. Nagoya The other side of the earth from all the centers

  12. In the middle of no where, Nagoya physicists were not affected by this Not number one, but only one!

  13. Discoveries before 1980 • 1956 Sakata model • 1962 Two neutrinos with mass and mixing • 1964 Quark model • 1964CP Violation in • 1971 Nagoya discovery of charm • 1973KM model • 1974J/ψ • 1975 charm particles • 1976Υ(1S) • 1980Prediction of large CPV in B decays

  14. Niu’s one event 1971

  15. Discoveries before 1980 • 1956 Sakata model • 1962 Two neutrinos with mass and mixing • 1964 Quark model • 1964CP Violation in • 1971 Nagoya discovery of charm • 1973KM model • 1974J/ψ • 1975 charm particles • 1976Υ(1S) • 1980Prediction of large CPV in B decays

  16. KM model

  17. Discoveries before 1980 • 1956 Sakata model • 1962 Two neutrinos with mass and mixing • 1964 Quark model • 1964CP Violation in • 1971 Nagoya discovery of charm • 1973KM model • 1974J/ψ • 1975 charm particles • 1976Υ(1S) • 1980Prediction of large CPV in B decays

  18. Lederman’s shoulder 1970 Columbia

  19. Discoveries before 1980 • 1956 Sakata model • 1962 Two neutrinos with mass and mixing • 1964 Quark model • 1964CP Violation in • 1971 Nagoya discovery of charm • 1973KM model • 1974J/ψ • 1975 charm particles • 1976Υ(1S) • 1980Prediction of large CPV in B decays

  20. D+ D0 1975 Discovery of D0 and D+ This discovery was before G. Goldhaber et.al PRL 37, 255(1976) Niu et. al. 14th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf. (Munich), 7, 2442 (1975) Nagoya Discovery

  21. Discoveries before 1980 • 1956 Sakata model • 1962 Two neutrinos with mass and mixing • 1964 Quark model • 1964CP Violation in • 1971 Nagoya discovery of charm • 1973KM model • 1974J/ψ • 1975 charm particles • 1976Υ(1S) • 1980Prediction of large CPV in B decays

  22. Ups leon and shortly after 1976 Discovery of Υ(1S)

  23. Discoveries before 1980 • 1956 Sakata model • 1962 Two neutrinos with mass and mixing • 1964 Quark model • 1964CP Violation in • 1971 Nagoya discovery of charm • 1973KM model • 1974J/ψ • 1975 charm particles • 1976Υ(1S) • 1980Prediction of large CPV in B decays

  24. Start of B physics • Theorists discussed B mesons since 1976 • Ellis Gaillard Nanopoulos Rudaz 1977 • Bander Silverman Soni 1979 • Cater AIS 1980 • Discovery of Υ(4S) Phys. Rev. Lett. 45, 219–221 (1980) [Issue 4 – 28 July 1980 ]

  25. Pais SeminarPais-Treiman paperCP Violation in Charmed Particles There is a good news - and a bad news: • Good news is that there is CP violation inheavy meson decays • Bad news is that it is very small • They considered wrong asymmetries Phys.Rev.D12:2744-2750,1975

  26. Generalization of K decays For B mesons

  27. Imεis large! Can we find an observable related to Imε? B is definitely different from K!

  28. How can we detect δ? When I gave a seminar at Cornell, I saidεis large and CP violation is large in B decays. But I did not have an example to show it! They asked me to come back in two months and give another seminar. I was really desperate to discover an effect!

  29. BB* Discovery after 1980 • 1995 b→sγ • 1997 B→K±π∓; K±K∓; π±π∓; • 1980 Υ(4S) • 1981 Υ(4S) • 1983 Longevity of B mesons • 1986 B-B mixing • 1987 Unitarity Triangle • 1991 b→ulν

  30. CESR at Cornell It turned out that it was just at the right mass.

  31. BB* Discovery after 1980 • 1995 b→sγ • 1997 B→K±π∓; K±K∓; π±π∓; • 1980 Υ(4S) • 1981 Υ(4S) • 1983 Longevity of B mesons • 1986 B-B mixing • 1987 Unitarity Triangle • 1991 b→ulν

  32. Asymmetry vanishes for J=1 BB state S-Wave Problem No photon has been detected! Out for CLEO

  33. BB* Discovery after 1980 • 1995 b→sγ • 1997 B→K±π∓; K±K∓; π±π∓; • 1980 Υ(4S) • 1981 Υ(4S) • 1983 Longevity of B mesons • 1986 B-B mixing • 1987 Unitarity Triangle • 1991 b→ulν

  34. 1982 MAC-MARKII Discovery: Longevity of B B masons have to live for long time, otherwise we can not see CP violation

  35. BB* • 1986 B-B mixing Discovery after 1980 • 1995 b→sγ • 1997 B→K±π∓; K±K∓; π±π∓; • 1980 Υ(4S) • 1981 Υ(4S) • 1983 Longevity of B mesons • 1987 Unitarity Triangle • 1991 b→ulν

  36. 1986 Argus discovery of BB mixing Best machine does not always win! B mesons have to mix otherwise we can not see the indirect CP violation

  37. BB* • 1986 B-B mixing Discovery after 1980 • 1995 b→sγ • 1997 B→K±π∓; K±K∓; π±π∓; • 1980 Υ(4S) • 1981 Υ(4S) • 1983 Longevity of B mesons • 1987 Unitarity Triangle • 1991 b→ulν

  38. ππ * * * + + = V V V V V V 0 cb cd ub ud tb td Unitarity Triangle 1987 Bj notation Rosner&AIS Fermilab proeedings

  39. 15% CP asymmetry

  40. BB* Discovery after 1980 • 1995 b→sγ • 1997 B→K±π∓; K±K∓; π±π∓; • 1980 Υ(4S) • 1981 Υ(4S) • 1983 Longevity of B mesons • 1986 B-B mixing • 1987 Unitarity Triangle • 1991 b→ulν

  41. How do we get large CP violation?

  42. c b u W d I knew that you need 3 generations participating in CP violating decays Only way for three generations to appear in K decay For B decay, 3 generations participate in tree graph decays!

  43. eiδ B π+ π－ B This came easy! But I new CLEO will not see this decay for a long time!

  44. KS KS s b u W c c d d u W W d d s d b B u W u B d Can we find large CP asymmetry in major decay modes of B?

  45. eiδ B KS+X B Final state is not CP eigenstate Carter AIS 1980

  46. We thought 20 GeV is almost ∞ Today’s values Nothing was known about the KM matrix Carter and AIS PR D23 (1980)

  47. Around 1985 we gave up CLEO and started to discuss time dependence

  48. Crazy idea of Oddone Asymmetric collider I went to KEK People said that the beam will blow up!

  49. It did not have to be too asymmetric 3GeVx8GeV is good enough Hitlin, Nakada, and AIS

  50. Symmetric Collider

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