1 / 25

LUNG CANCER

Lung cancer is a significant health concern with high mortality rates. Major risk factors include cigarette smoking and occupational exposure. The disease has various classifications based on tumor types and growth patterns. Clinical features vary depending on the disease stage, with late-stage symptoms including systemic and extrathoracic effects. Diagnosing lung cancer involves sputum cytology, biopsies, and imaging tests, while treatment options are limited due to operability rates and stagnant survival rates. Palliative care often becomes the primary approach. This overview aims to enhance understanding of lung cancer for better prevention and management.

smintz
Download Presentation

LUNG CANCER

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. LUNG CANCER

  2. Statistics Five leading causes of death in the early 2000s are: • Heart diseases; • Cancer; • Stroke; • Chronoc obstructive lung diseases; • Unintentional injuries.

  3. Statistics Death rates, Adults, Ages 45-64 Whites Blacks Hispanics cancer cancer cancer heart dis. heart dis. heart dis. Injuries stroke cirrhosis COPD diabetes injuries Stroke injuries diaberes Diabetes HIV stroke

  4. Statistics Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in both sexes Male Female Lung - 31% Lung – 25% Prostate – 11% Breast – 11% ColonRectum–10% ColonRectum-11%

  5. Statistics In 1998 in the US: 171,500 new cases of lung cancer 160,100 lung cancer deaths

  6. Major Risk Factors • Cigarette smoking couses: a) loss of bronchial cilia b) basal epithelial hyperplasia c) nuclear hyperchromatism

  7. Major Risk Factors • Occupational exposure • Air pollution a) sulfur dioxide b) carbonaceous particulate matter • Genetics a) p53 b) retinoblastoma gene

  8. Lung Tumors Classification • 1. Benign neoplasms • 2. Bronchial carcinoids • 3. Bronchogenic carcinoma or lung cancer

  9. Lung Benign Neoplasms • 1. Hamartomas • 2. Bronchial adenomas • 3. Leiomyomas • 4. Hemangiomas • 5. Lipomas • 6. Chondromas • 7. Teratomas • 8. Endometriosis

  10. Lung (bronchial) carcinoids • The cells are related to the neuroendocrine argentaffin cell • The cells contain neurosecretory granules • The release of neuroendocrine substances leads to the carcinoid syndrome

  11. Lung Cancer Classification Clinical and Anatomical Forms 1)Central cancer grows from a primary (main) , lobar, segmental bronchus; 2)Peripheral cancer grows from a subsegmental bronchus, bronchioles 3) Non-typical forms

  12. Lung Cancer Classification Pathomorphological types of cancer: • Differentiated cancer a) adenocarcinoma b) squamous cell carcinoma c) bronchioalveolar carcinoma • Non-differentiated cancer a) small cells carcinoma b) large cell carcinoma

  13. Lung Cancer Classification • adenocarcinoma (35%) Forms peripheral tumors from distal airways and alveoli Forms well-circumscribed gray-white masses that rarely cavitate Microscopically: a) well-differentiated b) poorly differentieted

  14. Lung Cancer Classification • Squamous cell (25%) Arise from bronchial epitelium Starts as a small red granular plague Forms large intrabronchial mass Cavitation may occure Microscopically: intercellular bridges between neoplastic cells and keratin formation (“squamous pearls”)

  15. Lung Cancer Classification • Bronchioalveolar carcinoma (5%) subset of adenocarcinoma that arise from terminal bronchioles or alveolar walls Forms peripheral nodules with mucinous gray translucence Microscopically: tall, columnar-cuboidal cells

  16. Lung Cancer Classification • Small cell carcinoma (25%) Forms proximal large and soft gray-white massesthat can narrow bronchi circumferentially Microscopically:“oat-cell carcinoma” round or polygonal cells inconspicuous nucleoli modest amounts of cytoplasm

  17. Lung Cancer Classification • Large cell carcinoma (15%) Forms peripheral lesions that become quite large and active Microscopically: large cells with citoplasm and distinct membranes, nucleoli and large nuclei No glandular differentiation Can form multinucleated giant cells

  18. Lung Cancer Classification Depending on the grow character • Endobronchial cancer • Peribronchial cancer • Ramified (branching) cancer

  19. Clinical Features: Two Modes Early stage: a) mild cough b) change of cough c) focal emphysema d) postobstructive atelectasis e) postobstructive pneumonia f) abscess formation

  20. Clinical Features: Two Modes Late stage: • Nonspecific systemic symptoms • Intrathoracic symptoms • Extrathoracic extention symptoms • Paraneoplastic systemic syndromes

  21. Clinical Features: Two Modes • Late stage: Paraneoplastic systemic syndromes 1)endocrine-methabolic syndromes 2) neuromuscular syndromes 3) hematologic/vascular syndromes 4) dermatoligic signs 5) skeletal and connective tissue syndromes

  22. Clinical Features: Two Modes • Hormones secreted by tumor: 1) ACTH 2) MSH - skin pigmentation 3) PTH - hypercalcemia 4) ADH - hyponatremia 5) HCG - gynecomastia 6) Prolactin - lactation 7) Calcitonin - hypocalcemia 8) VIP – diarrhea, hypokalemia, achlorhydria

  23. Diagnosis • 1. Sputum cytology • 2. Transbronchial biopsies • 3. Open biopsies • 4. Evaluation of liver • 5. Bone marrow biopsies

  24. Treatment • Only 25 % of lung cancers are operable when discovered • 5-year survival rate has not improved over the last four decades • Palliation of symptoms becomes only the treatment for most patients

  25. CONCLUSIONS

More Related