Ecology Practice Questions and Cell Structure & Function

1. Practice Questions: Day 1 and 2 Ecology Name: ____________________ 1) 12A (R) 2) 4) As ecosystems move through the stages of succession, the populations of organisms in them change. Which of the following describes the stage of succession likely to have the most species diversity? A. A newly formed volcanic island B. An agricultural field that has not been plowed for one year C. A temperate forest that has never been cleared by logging D. A field that is regularly mowed 11D (R) 12C (R)

2. 6) In recent years humans have interfered with the natural balance within deer populations in various ecosystems. The interference includes eliminating predators of the deer. Which of the following statements correctly describes the long-term outcome of this interference? F The deer that are the fastest and most agile will survive and reproduce. G The deer population will be too large to be supported by producers. H Other browsing species will thrive and outcompete the deer. J The producers will evolve into species that are less palatable to the deer. 12D (S) 7) The mimosa plant displays thigmotropism by collapsing its leaves in response to touch, as shown in the pictures below. The plant on the left is undisturbed. The upper stem of the plant on the right has been touched. What is the most likely benefit of this mechanism for the plant? A. Protection from a loss of minerals to the environment B. Protection from poor light availability C. Protection from herbivores by becoming less attractive D. Protection from overwatering 5) The diagram shows the flow of organic molecules through an ecosystem. One process that occurs in this ecosystem is labeled X, and another process that occurs is labeled Y. 11B (S) Which two processes are identified by the labels X and Y? A. X: Respiration Y: Predation B. X: Adaptation Y: Decomposition C. X: Fermentation Y: Nitrogen fixation D. X: Decomposition Y: Respiration 8) Hydrothermal vents form deep in the ocean when iron-rich magma is released from openings on the seafloor. These vents spew extremely hot water (400°C) mixed with methane and sulfur. Bacteria that thrive in this hostile environment form the base of a food chain that leads to colonization by tube worms, mussels, and many other life-forms. When a hydrothermal vent becomes inactive and cold, the bacterial community that lives in the hot fluid methane and sulfur dies out. Which organisms most likely succeed the original community in this ecosystem? A. Cold-tolerant bacteria that feed on sulfur and iron in the vents B. Giant kelp that use sulfur in photosynthesis C. Fish that do not need oxygen for cellular respiration D. Ocean mammals that tolerate cold and act as top predators in the food chain 12F (R) 12E (S)

3. Practice Questions: Day 3 Cell Structure & Function/ The Cell Cycle 2) 4B (R) 5A (R) 3) Which cellular process takes place in the ribosomes that are bound to the endoplasmic reticulum? A The breakdown of waste material B The conversion of radiant energy to glucose C The synthesis of new proteins D The replication of nucleic acids 4B (R)

4. Practice Questions: Day 4 Biomolecules, Enzymes, & Cell Energy 1) 4B (R) 2) Cells can generate as many as 36 to 38 molecules of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from the metabolism of one molecule of glucose. Which cellular process results in this amount of ATP production? A. Anaerobic cellular respiration B. Protein synthesis C. Aerobic cellular respiration D. Photosynthesis 4B (R) 3) Proteins and polysaccharides are polymers. These polymers are formed by dehydrationsynthesis. Which statement correctly identifies a difference in the structure of proteins and polysaccharides? A. Only polysaccharides are comprised of repeating units of cytosine, adenine, guanine,and thymine. B. Only proteins are formed from amino acids joined by peptide bonds. C. Only polysaccharides can be folded and twisted to very specific shapes. D. Only proteins can be large molecules with thousands of subunits. 9A (R) 4) Diatoms are one of the most common types of phytoplankton in marine habitats. Like plants, diatoms contain chlorophyll and produce glucose from which of the following? A. CO2 and H2O B. CO2and O2 C. O2and ATP D. ATP and H2O 9B (S) 5) Fireflies emit light. The production of light by an organism is called bioluminescence. To generate visible light, cell in a firefly's tail produce thousands of luciferase enzymes. Luciferase binds to a chemical called luciferin. Once bound, the luciferase enzyme speeds up a chemical reaction that combines an oxygen molecule and luciferin to produce oxyluciferin. This reaction requires energy and releases light. Which of the following best describes how the luciferase enzyme speeds up the chemical reaction? A Luciferase increases the amount of time light is visible. B Luciferase decreases the temperature of the environment inside the body of the firefly. C Luciferase increases the number of sites on luciferin that must bind to oxygen. D Luciferase decreases the amount of energy required for the reaction to start. 9C (S)

5. 1) Practice Questions Day 5: DNA Structure & Molecular Genetics 2) Part of an important cellular process involving a DNA strand is modeled below. The process represented in the diagram produces a molecule that is complementary to the template strand of DNA. What type of molecule is produced? New DNA Polypeptide Messenger RNA Carbohydrate 6C (S) • What is the purpose of this cellular process? • Preserving genetic information for future generations • Deleting the information in the sequence produced from the DNA template • Transcribing information in the DNA sequence for use by the cell • Producing more nucleotides for the DNA sequence • 2H/ 6C (S) 3) A segment of DNA is represented in the illustration How is information for a specific protein carried on the DNA molecule? A. As a sequence of nucleotides B. In the double-helix shape of the condensed chromosome C. In the ratio of adenines to thymines D. As a pattern of phosphates and sugars 6A (R)

6. 5) A segment of DNA produces methionine, threonine, histidine, aspartate, and glycine when translated. A substitution mutation occurs and causes the synthesis of the segment as shown. 6B (S) 6) In the genetic structure below, which component changes when coding for different triplets and amino acids? A. sugar B. phosphate group C. nitrogen base D. all three above will change in creating different triplets 4) Four different types of cells are shown to the right. Which characteristic is shared by all four cells? A. A mechanism for transforming sunlight into energy B. Self-locomotion C. Membrane-bound organelles that transport substances D. Genetic material composed of DNA Which is the new peptide chain when the new DNA segment is translated? A Methionine, leucine, histidine, aspartate, glycine B Methionine, phenylalanine, histidine, aspartate, glycine C Methionine, proline, histidine, aspartate, glycine D Methionine, serine, histidine, aspartate, glycine 6B (S)

7. Practice Questions Day 6: Meiosis & Mendelian Genetics 1) Sexual reproduction in animals depends on the production of gametes. Which of these processes produces gametes in animals? A. Mitosis B. Fertilization C. Meiosis D. Binary fission 6G (S) 2) In cocker spaniels the allele for a black coat color (B) is dominant over the allele for a brown coat color (b). If a brown cocker spaniel is crossed with a heterozygous black cocker spaniel, which of the following genotypic ratios can be expected? A. 0 BB: 2 Bb: 2 bb B. 1 BB: 2 Bb: 1 bb C. 2 BB: 0 Bb: 2 bb D. 2 BB: 1 Bb: 0 bb 6F (R) 3) Facial dimples and free earlobes are both considered dominant human traits. What are the expected phenotypes of the offspring of a female with dimples and free earlobes (DDFf) and a male with no dimples and attached earlobes (ddff)? A. 50% with dimples and free earlobes and 50% with dimples and attached earlobes B. 50% with dimples and free earlobes and 50% with no dimples and attached earlobes C. 75% with dimples and free earlobes and 25% with no dimples and attached earlobes D. 75% with dimples and attached earlobes and 25% with no dimples and free earlobes 6F (R) 4) A genome-wide association study involves searching the genomes of many people in order to find genetic variations associated with common diseases such as cancer, asthma, and diabetes. These studies are possible because of computer databases that allow researchers to compare the genomes of people who do not have a particular condition with the genomes of people who have the condition. In order to do this type of testing, researchers need blood samples or cheek swabs from people. Obtaining these samples is necessary because blood and cheek cells contain — A. plasma and platelets B. a complete set of DNA C. essential proteins and amino acids D. a large number of neutrophils 6H (S)

8. 5) The picture shows a person’s karyotype. 6H (S) Which of the following can best be determined by examining this karyotype? A. The presence of an additional chromosome B. The presence of a homozygous genotype C. The person’s genome D. The person’s phenotype 6) Normal Fruit flies have brownish-yellow bodies, and this body color is dominant. A mutation in the gene for body color can produce flies with an ebony body color. A homozygous normal fruit fly (e+e+) is crossed with a homozygous ebony fruit fly (ee). What is the predicted outcome of this genetic cross? A Of the offspring, 75% will have ebony bodies, and 25% will have brownish-yellow bodies. B Of the offspring, 75% will have brownish-yellow bodies, and 25% will have ebony bodies. C All of the offspring will have ebony bodies. D All of the offspring will have brownish-yellow bodies. 2G/ 6F (R) 7) Compared with mitosis, the process of meiosis results in daughter cells that are — A diploid cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cells. B diploid cells with a smaller number of chromosomes than the parent cells. C haploid cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cells. D haploid cells with a smaller number of chromosomes than the parent cells. 8) Which of the following best describes meiosis? ACell division that occurs only in the reproductive structures of an organism BProcess prior to the first stage of cell division COccurs in all cells of the body system DCell division that occurs in the repair process of damaged skin cells

9. 1) The diagram below represents an example of how the body regulates itself. 2) Which scenario below best describes the interaction between the endocrine and reproductive system. A. Hormones are produced causing ovulation in a female. B. Muscles are contracted, pushing food from the stomach into the small intestine. C. A male rabbit sees and chases a female rabbit. D. A bird lays her eggs, and protects them from possible predators. Practice Questions Day 7: Plants and Animal Systems This diagram describes what relationship in body systems? A. The circulatory system and nervous system interact to absorb nutrients. B. The circulatory system and digestive system interact to defend the body from diseases. C. The circulatory system and nervous system interact to maintain homeostasis. D. The nervous system and immune system interact for reproduction. 3) When one side of a plant is not getting enough light, a hormone is produced in the shoot system causing growth on the darker side of the plant. This growth on the darker side causes the plant to bend. This is an example of: A. a plant’s ability to reproduce B. uptake of water through the plant’s root system C. defense from possible predators D. a plant’s ability to respond to its environmental conditions 4) The table below lists the types of white blood cells found in humans, indicates how abundant they are, and describes their functions. The two most abundant types of white blood cells may both be involved in a response to which of these? A. Injury B. Heat C. Allergens D. Bacterial infection 5B (S)

10. 5) Describe how the transport system of a plant is critical to its reproductive function. The plant’s root system uptakes water and nutrients and delivers them to the flowering parts of the plant to support growth and development. II. The shoot system provides structural support to the plant and upholds the flower. III. Hormones used for seed development are transported through the root system to the shoot system. A. I and II only B. II and III only C. I and III only D. I, II, and III 10B (R) 6) Most plants have hair-like cells called trichomes that project from the surface and help the plants in many ways. In some plants trichomes secrete toxic substances that most likely perform which function? A. Absorb carbon dioxide B. Protect against herbivorous insects C. Reflect light off leaves D. Reduce water loss from evaporation 7) As a fertilized egg divides, the cells differentiate because they- A. Contain a lipid bilayer B. Can clump together C. Have specific genes activated D. Metabolize sugars rapidly 8) Animal body systems often coordinate their actions to carry out specific functions for the whole animal. Which of these correctly describes the interaction of two biological systems for a specific purpose in the human body? 10A (R)

11. 1) Practice Questions Day 8: Classification, Viruses, and Bacteria 8B (R) 2) Five general characteristics of organisms in kingdoms Plantae or Fungi are listed in the box. Which table correctly lists the characteristics of the organisms in the two kingdoms? 3) Alternation of generations possible Are mostly nonmotile Are eukaryotic Are photosynthetic Are vascular and have a wide variety of specialized tissue 8C (S) 8B (R)

12. 4) The picture shows a 3-D model of a virus called a bacteriophage. Bacteriophages can infect bacteria such as E. coli. In what way are the bacteriophage and E. coli alike? A Composition of outer covering B Stages of life cycle C Composition of genetic material D Stages of reproduction 6) An analysis of DNA and RNA sequences can be used to classify organisms. A dendrogram, such as the one shown below, is based on molecular data. It can be used to represent evolutionary relationships within a group of organisms that are hypothesized to have descended from a common ancestor. 4C (R) Which statement is best supported by the information in this dendrogram? A. Lesser pandas are more genetically similar to giant pandas than they are to raccoons. B. Brown bears are more genetically similar to giant pandas than they are to sun bears. C. Lesser pandas are more genetically similar to raccoons than they are to giant pandas. D. The bear species are all more genetically similar to dogs than they are to giant pandas. 5) Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is an illness caused by a coronavirus. Symptoms including high fever, headaches, and body aches typically occur two to seven days after infection by the virus. SARS is more serious in elderly patients. This information suggests that the reproductive cycle of the SARS virus is- A lysogenic, because the virus primarily affects older people B lytic, because of quick onset symptoms after infection C lysogenic, because the virus is a coronavirus D lytic, because the virus causes respiratory illness 4C (R)

13. Practice Questions Day 9: Evolution 1) This diagram of the fossil record represents changes in mollusks over millions of years. How can the pattern of change in the fossil record best be explained? A. The mollusks were well adapted to their stable environment. A large, sudden change occurred intheir environment. After the change the mollusks with the bigger shells were better adapted for the new environment. B. The mollusks were well adapted to their stable environment. The mollusks hybridized with a smaller species of mollusk. A new species of mollusk with a bigger shell resulted. C. The mollusks were not well adapted to their environment. The length of the mollusks’ shells changed gradually over time. The mollusks in the original population that had small shells died over a period of many years. D. The mollusks were well adapted to their environment. Humans introduced a new species of mollusk that was not adapted to this environment. The introduced mollusk outcompeted the native mollusk species. 7F (S) 2) Two populations of mice living in the same forest are separated by a large water-filled ditch. After a rainstorm, flooding brings several mice from one population to the other population. When the mice from the first population reproduce with members of the second population, which of the following will likely occur? A. All the offspring will die as a result of reproductive mutations. B. The offspring will be forced to leave the second population. C. The offspring will be genetically identical to their parent from the first population. D. The offspring in the second population will have greater genetic variety. 7B (S) 3) Some organisms have genes that improve their ability to survive and reproduce. If the genesalso help their offspring survive and reproduce, then which of the following will most likelyincrease? A. The frequency of the genes in one individual B. The frequency of the genes in the population C. The number of genes in one chromosome D. The number of genes in the species

14. 4) A prey population consists of individuals with a variety of running speeds. The adaptation that allows some of these animals to run fast would be an example of natural selection if it helps them - A. Survive and undergo mutations in their DNA B. Reproduce and increase the frequency of their genes in the population C. Lower the mortality rates of the population D. Produce offspring that run at average speeds 5) The opossum, which is native to North America, and the kangaroo, which is native to Australia, are marsupials. The fact that both these mammals incubate their immature offspring in a pouch provides evidence that they — A. belong to the same species B. must range great distances to eat C. have very similar skeletal structures D. are descended from a common ancestor 7E (R) 7B (S) 6) Which condition is essential for natural selection to result in a new species? A. Unlimited resources B. An inherited variation C. A static environment D. A long life span