Biological Processes Study Guide: From Scientific Investigation to Evolutionary Mechanisms

1. Biology Study Guide “Biology is the natural science concerned with the study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy.” Cut and discard this bottom portion.

2. Scientific Process

3. Science Equipment & Measurement Electronic Balance Mass (g/kg) Lab Incubators Stereoscope Dissection Equipment Metric Ruler Gel Electrophoresis Microscope Micropippettors Petri Dishes Scientific Investigation & Reasoning Skills

4. Cellular Structure & Function Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote Cell Animal vs. Plant Cell Important Cell Parts Nucleus Plasma Membrane Ribosome Cell Wall Endoplasmic Reticulum Mitochondria Lysosome Vacuole Cilia Golgi Apparatus Chloroplast

5. Cellular Transport Types of Solutions Energy Conversions Reporting Cat 1: Cell Structure & Function

6. Synthesis of New Molecules & Biomolecules Cellular Growth and Replication Binary Fission DNA Replication Mitosis Meiosis Lytic/Lysogenic Cycle

7. Cell Differentiation & Specialization DNA & RNA Structure Cell Growth Gone Wrong: Tumors Reporting Cat 1: Cell Structure & Function

8. Carrying the Genetic Information Chromosomes Sex Cells DNA Genes Protein Synthesis: Transcription and Translation The Purpose of the Process: This is the way that cells build more proteins

9. 25% 25% 25% 25% A=Tall a=Short A=Dominant(strong, visible) Gene a= Recessive (weak, hidden) Gene A or a = alleles Homozygous= same alleles= AA Heterozygous= different alleles= Aa Genotypes: AA, Aa, aa Phenotypes: 3 tall and 1 short Genetics Genotype = combination of alleles “AA” Phenotype = the way the genotype is physically expressed in an organism “Tall” AA=homozygous dominant traits Aa=heterozygous dominant traits aa=homozygous recessive traits NonMendelian Genetics Dihybrid Cross Monohybrid Cross Studying the Genome Mutations Genetic Engineering Chromosomal Analysis DNA Fingerprinting Reporting Category 2: Mechanisms of Genetics

10. Evidence of Common Ancestry Fossil Record Homology Molecular Biogeography Developmental Anatomical Investigating Natural Selection Differential Reproduction Heredity Trait Advantage Trait Variation Natural Selection & Adaptation Over Time

11. Other Evolutionary Mechanisms Genetic Drift- the effect of chance on heredity through a random event or situation. Gene Flow- the movement (migration) of genes from population to population Mutation- a mutation can change offspring for generations to come, by introducing something new. Recombination- this process can also change the evolutionary process. Reporting Cat 3: Biological Evolution & Classification

12. Taxonomy & Biological Classification Taxonomy is the science of identifying and arranging species into a classification. Carl Linnaeus gives us the system that we are familiar with today. Each part of the classification system is very important.

13. Exploring the Classification System The 3 Domains and 6 Kingdoms of classification. Domain Bacteria – Eubacteria Domain Archaea – Archaebacteria Domain Eukarya – Protista, Fungi Animalia, Plantae Eubacteria- single celled organisms, cell wall made of peptidoglycan. Archaebacteria- single celled organisms, no peptidoglycan in cell wall, lipid membranes instead. Protista- can be unicellular or multicellular but they are eukaryotes. Fungi – unicellular or multicellular but they are eukaryotes. Animalia- multicellular, nucleus, no cell walls, heterotrophs Plantae –multicellular, nucleus, chloroplasts, autotrophs Reporting Cat 3: Biological Evolution & Classification

14. Reactants & Products in Biological Processes

15. Investigating Biological Systems • Enzymes play a key role in being catalyst in chemical reactions within the body: • Increase rate of reaction • Enzyme substrate-Product • Enzyme regulation (H-L, L-H) • Feedback mechanisms are a way of an organism trying to maintain homeostasis for example: • Blood glucose production • Body temperature • Plant water and CO2 levels Reporting Cat 4: Biological Processes & Systems

16. Body Systems & Their Functions The human body is a very complicated system. It is made up of many systems working together. Each system has a job, and all of the systems together keep us alive. Below are the most important systems for you to know. Circulatory System Circulate blood throughout the body Reproductive System Organs that work together to help us reproduce Respiratory System Supply blood with oxygen for the body. These systems help the body maintain “Homeostasis” Digestive System Circulate blood throughout the body Excretory System Removes excess material or waste

17. Body Systems & Their Functions Every system has a job and those jobs help keep your body balanced or in homeostasis. Feedback mechanisms are ways of keeping this important balance. When you sweat you cool down, when you eat you stop starvation, your body tells your brain, and it tells the body what to do. Nervous System Coordinates the actions of different parts of the body. Endocrine System Secretes hormones into bloodstream to regulate the body. Integumentary System This system protects the body from damage. It uses skin, hair, etc. Systems working together to maintain “Homeostasis” Skeletal System Provides the body with form, shape and structure. Muscular System Provides the body with the ability to move. Reporting Category 4: Biological Processes & Systems

18. Ecosystems, Environmental Change, & The Roles of Organisms Within Them Ecosystem Ecosystems have a very delicate balance. Often times factors beyond their control can offset the balance. Organisms then have to choices adjust over time or perish. Primary Succession – newly exposed rock, sand, or lava, no previous biotic community. New populations will move into this area, and those species will diversity over time as well. Secondary Succession – takes place where a previous community has been removed. New populations will also move into this area and those species will diversify over time. Environmental change will bring with it changes in the community that forms within it.

19. Relationships Within an Ecosystem Predation – where a predator (an organism that is hunting) feeds on its prey (the organism that is attacked). Parasitism – non mutual relationship between organisms of different species where one organism, parasite, benefits at the expense of the other, the host Commensalism – relationship between two organisms where one organism benefits but the other is neutral (there is no harm or benefit) Predation – the way two organisms of different species biologically interact in a relationship in which each individual derives a fitness benefit (i.e., increased or improved reproductive output). Competition – These interactions cause competition among organisms and helps determine survival or extinction. Microorganisms – These organisms interact with others as well and cause diseases, aid organisms, and disrupt ecosystems as well over time. Reporting Cat 5 – Interdependence Within Environmental Sys

20. Grass producers Grasshoppers (herbivores) Organisms’ interactions dictate the flow of energy in an ecosystem. primary consumers Frogs (carnivores) secondary consumers Hawks (carnivores) tertiary consumers 3 types of consumers: Herbivores- plant eaters Carnivores- meat eaters Omnivores- eat both plants and meat Energy is transferred in a food pyramid from plants herbivores carnivores Prey- animal that gets eaten. Ex = . Deer Predator- animal that hunts Ex. = Lion Producer- plants that make food. Ex. = Grass Consumer- animal that eats. Ex. = Frog Decomposer- bacteria that eats the remains Ex. = Fungus Interactions in the Ecosystem

21. The Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem Simple food chains are used to represent the way organisms interact with one another in an ecosystem, the type of ecosystem is important to the types of organisms that will be found with in. Food webs depict the way all of the organisms interact, and combine simple food chains into one model of interaction. Energy pyramids are a great model for illustrating trophic levels. The higher in the pyramid you go, the fewer organisms there are at the top. Coining the phrase, “Top of the food chain!” Biomass is the amount of living or organic matter present in an organism. Biomass pyramids show how much biomass is present in the organisms at each trophic level. Please remember that energy or matter is neither created nor destroyed. Reporting Cat 5 – Interdependence Within Environmental Sys

22. The Importance of Cycles on Earth Carbon Cycle: recycles O2 and CO2 on Earth for all organisms. Water Cycle: recycles water on Earth for all organisms. Nitrogen Cycle: recycles Nitrogen on Earth for all organisms.