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Low Level Flying

Transport Canada Transports Canada Quebec Region Région du Québec Civil Aviation Aviation civile. Low Level Flying. Brigitte Ouellet System Safety. Content. Recency training requirements Altitudes and minimum distances Birdstrikes Illusions and disorientation

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Low Level Flying

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  1. Transport Canada Transports Canada Quebec Region Région du Québec Civil Aviation Aviation civile Low Level Flying Brigitte Ouellet System Safety

  2. Content • Recency training requirements • Altitudes and minimum distances • Birdstrikes • Illusions and disorientation • VFR flights in adverse weather conditions

  3. RecencyRequirements • safety seminar given by Transport Canada Aviation • questionnaire published in Aviation Safety Newsletter • obtaining a rating, a permit or a license

  4. Altitudes and Minimum Distances

  5. 2 000' or less 500' or less Where Am I ? Over a Built-Up Area

  6. 2 000’ 500’ 1 000' What to do ?

  7. less than 500’ AGL

  8. Did you know... • Only known objects extending 300 feet or more will be depicted on VFR chart. • Alert TC if there are such objects not depicted on VFR chart. • Make sure you will not enter anMF or ATF Zone.

  9. Birdstrikes E = MV2

  10. E = M V2 E = M V2 E = V2 E =

  11. To minimize the risks • NOTAM et ATIS • Strobe lights and landing lights • Windshield heating • Avoid low level flying • Report bird activity and birdstrikes • 1-888-282-2473 or • http://www.tc.gc.ca/aviation/wildlife.htm

  12. Illusions anddisorientation Vestibular apparatus and loss of visual references

  13. Runway length and width

  14. Illusion Result Perceived height above the runway Actual height above the runway Runway and terrainon a slope Too low approach too high Down slope

  15. Illusion Result Perceived height above the runway Actual height above the runway Runway and terrainon a slope Too high approach too low Up slope

  16. Black Hole “effect” When : At night Illusion : Too high Result : Approach too low What else ?

  17. How to fight illusions • Planning and pre-landing checks • Verify runway length, width and slope • Know the field elevation • Do not “cut corners” on the approach • Prop pitch and power settings

  18. Disorientation • Contributory Factors • Stress • Health condition • Alcoholic drink • Drugs • Sky obscured by fog or clouds

  19. Vestibular Apparatus • Opposite turn illusion • Coriolis illusion Anterior Canal Lateral Canal Posterior Canal

  20. Cupula Endolymphfluid Filaments ofhair cells Semi-circular canals

  21. What happens ? No turns

  22. What happens ? Acceleratingturn Liquid

  23. Prolongedconstant turn What happens ?

  24. What happens ? Deceleratingturn Liquid

  25. Opposite Turning Illusion • When will it happen ? • Coming out of a turn or a spin • Loss of visual reference points • Brain is sending/receiving erroneous information

  26. Coriolis Illusion • When will it happen ? • Coming out of a turn or a spin • Loss of visual reference points • When leaning or raising your head • Brain is sending/receiving erroneous messages

  27. To reduce the risks • Fly healthy • Learn to recognize the situations leading to disorientation • Recognize when you are a victim of disorientation • Learn to control disorientation • Trust your flight instruments

  28. VFR flight in adverse weather conditions

  29. TSB Recommendation The Department of Transport evaluate the adequacy of the margin of safety afforded by current VFR and SVFR regulations. TSB A96-10

  30. CFIT What is Controlled Flight into Terrain? When the aircraft collide with an obstacle before the pilot can react and avoid it.

  31. Safety of VFR Flight • Human factors assessment related to flying • Aircraft performance * obstacle avoidance manoeuvres • Understanding the process leading to CFIT • identify unsafe act(s) and conditions • determine error type (slip, lapse, mistake)

  32. VFR flight into IMC • 49 accidents (largest group) • Inexperienced pilots • Weather worst than forecast • Happened while a/c was turning around • Failed to delay or land

  33. Violations • 22 accidents - 36 lives • knowingly flew into below minima weather • for most of the pilots, was common practice

  34. Analysis • Almost no one crashed « legally » • Relatively few « willful violations » • Perceptual issue : What does 2 miles look like ? • Decision difficulty - selection of action • Use available resources

  35. Human Performance • Navigation • get lost • Control of the aircraft • Loss of control • Obstacle avoidance • CFIT

  36. Navigation • How does it work • mental model * map or knowledge • Decrease in visibility !!!.... • do not recognize landmark LOST • misidentify landmark do NOT KNOW that we are LOST

  37. Control of the aircraft • How does it work ? • attitude, altitude and heading * horizon or landmarks • Decrease in visibility !!!.... • disorientation • At night

  38. To Prevent CFIT Detect the obstacle * identify hazard Select and implement evasive action • TIME (critical element) • identify the obstacle as a hazard • select the appropriate action • make control inputs • aircraft response time

  39. Decrease in visibility !!!... • decrease in capability to evaluate distance • need more time for decision making

  40. Countermeasures • Acquire bad weather flying techniques • Learn to turn back / alternate plans • Overcome normal human decision making tendencies « traps » • Better weather interpretation and weather related decision making skills • Make PIREPS • Use available liveware

  41. Aircraft Performances • How much airspeed will you lose if you slam your aircraft into a 45o bank turn ? • How much space will you need to do a 180o turn ? • How much more space will you need with a 20 knot wind behind you half way round the turn ? • If you have to pull up quickly straight ahead, what airspeed will you have after 300 feet of climb ?

  42. Put the odds on your side • Have a current VFR map of the areayou plan to fly over. LAND • Do not rely only on your GPS. • Beware of power lines. • Get a complete weather briefing prior to the flight.

  43. 1 000 ASL 1 300 ASL 1 400 ASL 300 AGL Sherbrooke (20nm N) 1100Z SCT007 OVC012 6SM -DZFG St-Hubert 1200Z VFR Portland 1251Z OVC005 3SM FG Radar Plots Flew around the thunderstorm cells Portland (forecast) OVC020 2SM FG ... SCT 020 OVC100 5SM

  44. REVIEW • Respect your limits and capabilities • Make room for change of plan • Weather does not cause accidents, WE DO Regulations may well have protected these people, had they been observed

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