Uninhabited US Territories 1. Baker Island 2. Howland Island 3. Jarvis Island 4. Johnston Atoll

2. Uninhabited US Territories 1. Baker Island 2. Howland Island 3. Jarvis Island 4. Johnston Atoll

3. Unit 4 World War 1 and the Roaring 20s Essential Questions: How and why did the United States take a more active role in world affairs? Why did America enter World War 1? What were the consequences of American intervention in Global affairs? How did the United States change Socially and economically during the 1920s? What lasting impact did this era have on the country?

4. America becomes a World Power- the roots of Imperialism - The Evolution of American Foreign policy

5. How did America’s Foreign Policy Change over time? • Isolationists  Expansionist in certain regions (Asia & Latin America) but still tried to avoid conflict in Europe • US takes on an Old World Power (Spain)

7. Spanish American War Background – Spain has an “Empire” - Cuba & The Philippines are the Last Remaining Spanish Colonies USA Cuba The Philippines

8. Causes of Spanish American War “You furnish the pictures, I’ll furnish the war William Randolph Hearst • Imperialism • A policy of extending a countries influence • Social Darwinism • Advocated for a social hierarchy based on Darwin’s theory of evolution • Yellow Journalism * • Militarism 1.Glorification of the ideals of a professional military class 2. A policy in which military preparedness is of primary importance to a state • Industrial Revolution • Quickens production & distribution of industrial goods • Desire to be a World Power (land) • Need for new markets to sell goods • More land to get raw materials • Keep up with European Powers • Goals of leadership Why does the US become involved with Cuba? 1. Changes in American Foreign Policy 2. Yellow Journalism - journalism that is based upon sensationalism and crude exaggeration. *US wants to be a World Power!!! • http://www.smplanet.com/imperialism/activity.html

9. Examples of Yellow Journalism

10. Two Leader William McKinley, Jr. (1843-1901) General Weyler “The Butcher” In 1896, the Spanish sent "The Butcher," to Cuba To prevent the insurrections Weyler built concentration camps in which he imprisoned a large portion of the population Under the harsh and unsanitary conditions in the concentration camps, Cuban prisoners died rapidly, especially from disease • 25th President • Wanted to avoid war in Cuba • Yellow journalism and public supported war • In April 1898, President McKinley abandoned his failed diplomatic efforts and asked Congress for permission to intervene in Cuba. How did the US media portray General Weyler? - As an evil leader who was cruel to the Cuban People and needed to be overthrown

11. Causes of the Spanish American War What happened to the US Maine? At the TIME the US believed that the US had been attacked BUT the Maine really sank b/c of an internal explosion “To Hell with SpainRemember the Maine” • At 9:40pm on February 15, 1898, the battleship U.S.S. Maine exploded in Havana Harbor • 268 men were killed, shocking the American population • What or who caused this explosion? • 1976 US Navy analyzed the sunken ship, decided that the hull blew OUT not IN What happened to the US Maine? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3JYFJU3ZJLM http://www.homeofheroes.com/wallofhonor/spanish_am/02_maine.html

12. Analysis Questions: 1. Why is this headline an example of Yellow Journalism? (what is implied in this headline?) Slide Analysis: Headline of the Maine Explosion Maine Explosion Caused by Bomb or Torpedo?2/17/1898 New York World

13. Slide Analysis: Political Cartoon Analysis Questions: 2. How is Spain portrayed in this Political Cartoon? (visuals, what actions have they committed?) 3. How might this cartoon influence the American Publics’ opinions concerning the sinking of the USS Maine? (think about emotional impact of the picture, actions of the US, etc.)

14. Analysis Questions: 4. What is the message of this political cartoon? How might it impact American actions?

15. Thinking Slide: Which of these do you think was most responsible for the nation going to war? Why? • Causes of the Spanish American War: • Imperialism • Social Darwinism • Yellow Journalism • Militarism • Industrial Revolution • Desire to be a World Power (land) • Explosion of the USS Maine

16. Why is this sometimes called the “splendid little war”? - This was a quick war that America won and this improved American self-confidence and nationalism Spanish American War Events: • Manila BayMay 1, 1898 • Surprise naval attack sunk the crumbling Spanish Navy • Made Americans feel very superior • May, 1898: July 1, 1898: San Juan Hill taken by "Rough Riders" • July 3, 1898: Battle of Santiago - Spain's Caribbean fleet destroyed. • July 7, 1898: Hawaii annexed • July 17, 1898: City of Santiago surrenders to General William Shafter • August 12, 1898: Spain signs armistice • August 13, 1898: US troops capture Manila “I should welcome almost any war, for I think this country needs one” – Teddy Roosevelt First Volunteer Cavalry, nicknamed the "Rough Riders. “ Stop, drop, that’s how rough riders roll…..”(DMX)

17. Outcome • December 10, 1898: Treaty of Paris signed - US annexes Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines. pays Spain an indemnity of $20 million • January 23, 1899: Philippines declares itself an independent republic - Led by Emilio Auginaldo, the self-declared Filipino government fights a guerilla war against the US that lasts longer than the Spanish-American War itself. • US defeats Spain & becomes a world power • Teddy Roosevelt elected Vice President in 1900 and becomes President in 1901 when McKinley is shot • US must decide what to do about Spain’s former colonies (Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Cuba)

18. What occurs to American foreign policy b/c of this war? • America becomes more willing to involve itself in world affairs and must decide what to do with new territories… American Territories (16 total, 5 with people on them – totally over 4 million people) *self-governing sub-national administrative divisions overseen by the US government *Cuba & the Philippines eventually get independence

19. Presidential Policies Might, Money and Morals Task: Read the Quotes and summarize the foreign policy beliefs of the 3 presidents Analyze the Political Cartoon Mark the President who would agree with the Foreign Policy statements • Roosevelt – Roosevelt Corollary • Taft – Dollar Diplomacy • Wilson – Moral Diplomacy

20. Imperialism Mini-DebateWhat should the US do with the territory that they won from Spain in the Spanish American war? (Cuba, Philippines, & Puerto Rico) Part 1 Part 2 Each Option group director will present their position and arguments to the class Townspeople (Judges) can ask questions Each Option group can give a quick rebuttal (why are the other 2 groups wrong?) Townspeople deliberate and give a judgement • 15 minutes – create a list of arguments for your group director to present to the class • 15 minutes – Townspeople get together, • review what each option is • Create a list of questions for each option

21. Short Answer • Do you think there is any such thing as a "splendid little war"? What other wars might some people remember as "splendid little" ones? Who might think these wars were not so splendid? Who usually suffers most in a war? Who has to bear the long-term effects of a war? • What responsibilities does the press have in terms of how it reports news stories? What are the short-term benefits of exaggerating or fabricating stories to make exciting headlines? What might be some long-term benefits of adhering to the truth? Foxborough History Department

22. American Views on Imperialism- Identifying and Analyzing Arguments -

23. Argument Evaluation Strengths Weaknesses What information is lacking for this this argument? What facts are missing? What is this argument based on? (beliefs or assumptions) Who supports this position? Are they a trustworthy source or should we be aware of bias? • What facts or evidence can you use to support/ prove this argument? • Who supports this position? Are they a trustworthy source or should we be aware of bias? Analyze!

24. Imperialism – Outcomes & Impact Impact of Spanish-Amer. War • Treaty of Paris – ends the War & gives the US the Philippines to annex • The Filipinos had hoped for independence • Rebelled against the US & the Filipinos relied upon guerrilla warfare • The US violently put down the rebellion • Censored the press, created concentration camps, extreme violence • 3 yrs, 200,000 Filipino fighters killed, 5,000 US soldiers killed, $400 million • Philippines moved gradually towards independence - July 4th, 1946 (after the US has liberated the island from the Japanese after WW2)

25. US Intervention in Asia China Japan Tension between US & Japan increased over immigration policy (Chinese Exclusion Act) & Japan’s growing power in Asia. Response: Roosevelt created a new naval force – the Great White Fleet 16 battleships, sent on a ‘good will cruise’ around the world to demonstrate US naval power • Europeans claimed a Spheres of influence (within it’s zone each power had privileged access to Chinese ports & markets) but the US preferred… • Open Door Policy - free trade in China • Prevents European colonies in China

26. Conclusion – Imperialism What impact do you think Imperialism has had on the US? What impact do you think US Imperialism has had on the World?

27. Why do you think that this conflict is known as a World War? Why might the United States become involved in this European conflict despite their tradition of isolationism? World War I - Review

28. The Evolution of American Foreign policy

29. World War 1 – Causes • Summary • Long-Term Causes = • Continued increase in tension between European Powers over resources, political powers. • Antiquated view of warfare (belief that war was necessary to make a country stronger) • World War b/c of imperialism & colonialism • Causes of the War: • -Militarism • -Alliance System • -Imperialism • -Nationalism Trigger Moment: Assassination of archduke Franz Ferdinand of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

30. Causes of World War ILong-Term Causes Define: Militarism = The belief or desire of a gov’t that a country should maintain a strong military & be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests *Viewpoint of warfare significantly different from modern perspective https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Z7owNBd7W8

31. Causes of World War IImmediate Causes • Domino Effect = • Theory that speculated that if one country in a region fell/ went to war other countries quickly follow. • (proposed in S. East Asia prior to Vietnam War) • Why does the war begin so quickly? • Technology aided movement of troops & communication • Breakdown of diplomacy

32. The Outbreak of War • Between August 1 and August 6 Germany, Russia, France, A-H and Britain had all declared war on one another. Historians still debate who (nation/leader) or what force caused WWI. Each country pointed their finger at someone else. • Examine the cartoon – what does this drawing suggest about the outbreak of WWI?

33. ‘The Great War’ – A World War Why is this a WORLD War? - Colonialism/ Imperialism expanded European control and power outside of Europe • Allied Powers in Green • Central Powers in Yellow • Neutral Countries in Gray

34. Sovereignty • The authority of a state to govern itself • Self-government without interference *Important concept to help explain why the US gets involved in WW1

35. US Involvement America was hesitant • Many German-Americans had sympathy for Germany • Irish-Americans did not want to join and help the British But…America joined the Allies for numerous reasons: • English-American connection existed • Germany’s brutal invasion of Belgium 3. Germany’s unrestricted submarine warfare killed American civilians (Lusitania) 4. Zimmerman Note (1917) • Germany wrote to Mexico – ‘fight US and you can get Southwestern lands back.’ *England intercepted and gave to America, who joined the war Why does the US get involved in in WW1? - Violations of American sovereignty

36. The US at War How did Americans affect the end of WW1 and the peace settlements? • Why is WW1 a different type of war than Europe is used to seeing? • Modern War • (new technology & outdated tactics) • Very large scale war • Very high Casualties Characteristics of the war: • Trench Warfare • Stalemate w/ new technology • Millions of causalities US Involvement • June 1917 – Americans arrive in Europe, participate in • November 1917 – Russian Revolution • March 1918 – Treaty of Brest – Litovsk • November 1918 – Armistice ends the war America Brief (1 year: 1917 -1918) Involvement BUT Big Impact

37. American Homefront from 1917-1918How did the war affect Americans at home? • How does the US prepare for WW1? • They Mobilized Very quickly • prepare and organize (troops) for active service. • Selective Service Act = Draft • Create Federal Gov’t Organization to prepare/ unify the country around the war effort • WIB (shift to war production) • CPI (unify support for the war) Social Change Mobilization May 1917 Selective Service Act – draft 2.8 million, 4 million sent overseas War Industries Board regulated all wartime Industry Committee on Public Information worked to convince Americans to support War effort (propaganda w/ advertising) Opposition German and Irish Americans Conscientious Objectors (moral or religious beliefs) Women-Suffragettes • Jobs for women • War production • Women’s Suffrage • 19th Amendment • Great Migration • African Americans move to Northern cities to escape racism of the south and to find employment in war jobs • Mexicans move to America • Bracero Program encourages immigration to help with agricultural production during war

38. Paris Peace Conference 1919 Germany President Wilson The US Senate What they hoped for: How they reacted to final treaty: France Great Britain Italy Other Nations

39. Wilson’s 14 Points

40. The End of All Wars: WW1 and the League of Nations Debate 3 Positions Rebuttal & Undecided Senator’s Questions Rebuttals Directly address the other groups’ positions Explain why these positions are weak and why yours is the stronger position Undecided Senator's Ask questions 1 at a time and wait for answers • Ratify the Treaty • Change the Treaty • Reject the Treaty

41. Paris Peace Conference Wilson’s Peace Actual Decision G.B. and France ensure Germans must pay heavy reparations for starting the war Closed Diplomacy (all discussion happen behind closed doors) Proposal Fails, each nation wants its own piece of the resource pie Much of the Middle East is attached to Britain as a Mandate Difficult to unite diverse ethnic groups… led to unrest and creation of unstable nation states Ex: Iraq: Eventually leads to the US invasion in 90s and 2003 Clustering of ethnic groups in the Middle East and Europe. Especially if they hate each other • Peace without Victory • Open Diplomacy • Freedom of the Seas and Free Trade • End Colonialism • Self Determination Vs. Wilson hailed as a hero at the conference – idealistic plan BUT modern liberalistic model is established at conference (Collective Security Model … later becomes the UN)

42. Effects of the War… the 1920sWhat political, economic, an social effects did WW1 have on the US? Impact of WW1 on US economy directly after the war Effects • Inflation cause: • Workers strike • Farmers suffer from massive debt • Leads to recession in 1919 – 1920 • Role of Women • Fewer jobs available after war • Influenza pandemic • Killed 50-100 million people around the world (3-5% world population) • Massive Social injustice • Rise of Nativism and Terrorism (anarchists)

43. Differences Governmental Systems Why might many Americans have been afraid of the Soviet Communist government?

44. Differences Governmental Systems These difference Create a Red Scare to sweep through the United States = fear of communism and a reaction against anyone/ anything that resembles it. * Becomes a Hysteria

45. Cartoon Analysis Post-War Labor Struggles Why might middle-class and wealthy Americans have a different attitude about labor strikes than workers who walked off their jobs in 1919 and 1920?

46. Red Scare, the Palmer Raids and Civil Liberties • Essential Question: How did a war fought to ‘save the world for democracy’ end up threatening civil eights in America? Palmer Raids - Series of raids and arrests from Nov 1919 – Jan 1920 in which more than 500 foreign citizens were deported (many leftists leaders) The First Red Scare 1919-1921 - a nation-wide anti-radical hysteria provoked by a fear that a Bolshevik Revolution would happen in the US * Italian Anarchist cared out a series of bombing from April –June 1919… including one at Attorney General A. Mitchel Palmer’s House Targeted • Labor Groups • Recent European immigrants (southern/ eastern Europeans) • Left-wing political groups http://www.ushistory.org/us/47a.asp

48. WW1 and It’s Impact on Civil Liberties Review: Constitutional Rights World War 1 and Civil Liberties Gov’t Propaganda campaign to ‘sell’ the war to its citizens CPI (Committee on Public Information) established War hysteria swept the country = minority group attacked Legislation to limit freedom of speech & press Espionage Act of 1917 Sedition Act of 1918 Post war Red Scare & Race riots in 1919-1920 Ex: Sacco & Vanzetti • What are Civil Liberties? • What Constitutional Rights are guaranteed to US Citizens? • Is there ever a time when it would be ok for the Government to reduce or abridge your civil liberties? Personal guarantees & freedoms that the gov’t cannot abridge, either by law or judicial interpretation

49. Sacco & Vanzetti An Example of the Impact of America’s Post War Fears • Italian-born US anarchists who were convicted of murdering a guard and paymaster on April 15, 1920, in South Braintree, MA. • Both men are convicted of the murder & sentenced to death • Lots of questions about whether they were really guilty (probably not)… and the trial becomes an example of the nativist fear & the Red Scare which is sweeping the US in the wake of WW1 Still Debated Today

50. War’s impact on Freedom of Speech Was only suppose to be used in “Time of war” but Attorney General Palmer favors a peacetime version & used it as attack anyone he views as ‘subversive’ Summation: Sedition and Espionage Acts – restricted a number of freedoms (Speech, Expression, Opinion) and anything that cast gov’t in a negative light during WW1 Sedition Act of 1918 & Espionage Act of 1917 • Provisions • Covers a broad range of offenses (restricting speech, freedom of expression, freedom of opinion) • Restricted anything that cast the government or the war in a negative light • forbid “disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language” about the US • What groups were targeted? • Socialists (or anyone with different political ideas), Labor Unions, foreigners or recently nationalized citizens… How is the Patriot Act similar to the Espionage and Sedition Acts of the WW1 Era? Compare…