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“The Cell Cycle” Chapter 12

“The Cell Cycle” Chapter 12. I. Cell Division in Eukaryotic Cells A. Two Processes. 1. Mitosis 2. Cytokinesis. I. Cell Division in Eukaryotic Cells B. Function of Cell Division. 1. Reproduction a. Unicellular Organisms b. Multicellular Organisms

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“The Cell Cycle” Chapter 12

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  1. “The Cell Cycle” Chapter 12

  2. I. Cell Division in Eukaryotic Cells A. Two Processes 1. Mitosis 2. Cytokinesis

  3. I. Cell Division in Eukaryotic Cells B. Function of Cell Division • 1. Reproduction • a. Unicellular Organisms • b. Multicellular Organisms • 1) Asexual Reproduction • 2) Sexual Reproduction • 2. Growth • 3. Repair

  4. II. Chromosome Structure A. Genome -entire genetic information 1. Prokaryotic Cells 2. Eukaryotic Cells

  5. II. Chromosome Structure B. Chromosomes -packages of DNA 1. Chromatin -DNA + Protein

  6. II. Chromosome Structure B. Chromosomes 2. Sister Chromatids -duplicated chromosomes a. Centromere

  7. III. The Mitotic Spindle A. Structure -Prophase

  8. III. The Mitotic Spindle A. Structure 1. Centrosome -"Microtubule Organizing Center" a. In Animal Cells b. In Plant Cells

  9. III. The Mitotic Spindle A. Structure 2. Kinetochores -MT attachment

  10. III. The Mitotic Spindle B. Assembly of Mitotic Spindle

  11. III. The Mitotic Spindle B. Assembly of Mitotic Spindle 1. Interphase -Centrosomes replicate => opposite poles 2. Prophase and Prometaphase -MTs form -attach or overlap 3. Metaphase -chromatids line up

  12. III. The Mitotic Spindle C. Functioning of Spindle during Anaphase

  13. III. The Mitotic Spindle C. Functioning of Spindle during Anaphase 1, Kinetochore Microtubules -separate chromosomes 2. Nonkinetichore Microtubules -elongate

  14. IV. The Mitotic Cell Cycle A. Two Major Phases of the Cell Cycle 1. Interphase: -90% of cell cycle http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/miracle/divide.html

  15. IV. The Mitotic Cell Cycle A. Two Major Phases of the Cell Cycle 1. Interphase: a. Three Subphases of Interphase 1) G1 Phase – ("first gap") -growth 2) S Phase -DNA duplicates 3) G2 Phase – ("second gap") -prepares for cell division

  16. IV. The Mitotic Cell Cycle A. Two Major Phases of the Cell Cycle 1. Interphase: b. Events of Interphase -nucleus bounded by membrane -chromosomes have duplicated (S phase) -exist as chromatin fibers -centrosomes have duplicated; begin to form asters

  17. IV. The Mitotic Cell Cycle A. Two Major Phases of the Cell Cycle 1. Interphase: b. Events of Interphase -nucleus bounded by membrane -chromosomes have duplicated (S phase) -exist as chromatin fibers -centrosomes have duplicated; begin to form asters

  18. IV. The Mitotic Cell Cycle A. Two Major Phases of the Cell Cycle 2. Mitotic Phase (M) -nuclear division -continuous -5 subphases + Cytokinesis

  19. IV. The Mitotic Cell Cycle A. Two Major Phases of the Cell Cycle 2. Mitotic Phase (M) a. Prophase: -chromosomes condense => sister chromatids -nucleoli disappear -mitotic spindle begins to form -centrosomes => opposite poles

  20. IV. The Mitotic Cell Cycle A. Two Major Phases of the Cell Cycle 2. Mitotic Phase (M) b. Prometaphase -nuclear membrane fragments -microtubules attach to kinetochores -chromosomes move => middle

  21. IV. The Mitotic Cell Cycle A. Two Major Phases of the Cell Cycle 2. Mitotic Phase (M) c. Metaphase -centrosomes reach opposite poles -centromeres of chromosomes align along Metaphase Plate

  22. IV. The Mitotic Cell Cycle A. Two Major Phases of the Cell Cycle 2. Mitotic Phase (M) d. Anaphase -centromeres divide – pulled toward poles -NK microtubules lengthen; elongating cell

  23. IV. The Mitotic Cell Cycle A. Two Major Phases of the Cell Cycle 2. Mitotic Phase (M) e. Telophase -nuclear membranes form -chromatin unwinds -Mitosis is Complete -cytokinesis begins

  24. IV. The Mitotic Cell Cycle A. Two Major Phases of the Cell Cycle 2. Mitotic Phase (M) f. Cytokinesis – "Division of Cytoplasm"

  25. IV. The Mitotic Cell Cycle A. Two Major Phases of the Cell Cycle 2. Mitotic Phase (M) f. Cytokinesis – "Division of Cytoplasm" 1. Animal Cells: a) Cleavage Furrow -shallow groove -ring of actin and myosin filaments -pinches cell => two

  26. IV. The Mitotic Cell Cycle A. Two Major Phases of the Cell Cycle 2. Mitotic Phase (M) f. Cytokinesis – "Division of Cytoplasm" 2. Plant Cells a) Cell Plate Formation -vesicles congregate at middle of cell -contain cell wall material -membrane from vesicle membrane

  27. Sharks, Skates and Rays -Cartilaginous Skeletons -No Bones = No Bone Marrow??? -Immune cells produced in spleen, thymus -Some immune cells can replicate and divide as they circulate in blood -Quicker response to invaders?

  28. V. Regulation of The Cell Cycle A. Variation in Cell Cycles a. Skin Cells b. Nerve and Muscle Cells

  29. V. Regulation of The Cell Cycle B. Cell Cycle Control System -cycling set of molecules

  30. V. Regulation of The Cell Cycle B. Cell Cycle Control System 1. Cell Cycle Checkpoints a. G1 Checkpoint -"Go" signal => cycle completes -"Stop" signal => G0 phase – non dividing b. G2 Checkpoint c. M checkpoint

  31. V. Regulation of The Cell Cycle C. Cyclins and Cyclin Dependent Kinases (Cdks) -fluctuate 1. Cyclin Dependent Kinases (Cdks) a. Kinase b. Cdks - constant conc. -activated by Cyclin

  32. V. Regulation of The Cell Cycle C. Cyclins and Cyclin Dependent Kinases (Cdks) 1. Cyclin Dependent Kinases (Cdks) c. MPF – "M phase Promoting Factor" 1) Action of MPF a) Cyclins - Cdks => MPF b) phosphorylates proteins => promotes mitosis c) MPF breaks down cyclin d) Cdks recycled

  33. V. Regulation of The Cell Cycle D. Internal and External Regulating Cues 1. Internal Cue for Cell Division a. Anaphase Promoting Complex (APC) – (from kinetochores) -kinetochores attached -APC Activated => anaphase

  34. V. Regulation of The Cell Cycle D. Internal and External Regulating Cues 2. External Cues for Cell Division a. Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF) -injury=> GFs -T-K receptors => triggers fibroblast division

  35. V. Regulation of The Cell Cycle D. Internal and External Regulating Cues 2. External Cues for Cell Division b. Density Dependent Inhibition c. Anchorage Dependence

  36. V. Cancer and the Cell Cycle A. Cancer Cells 1. Characteristics -no DDI, AD - produce GFs

  37. V. Cancer and the Cell Cycle A. Cancer Cells 2. Development of a Cancerous Cell -normal cells a. Tumors: mass of abnormal cells 1) Benign Tumor -no spreading 2) Malignant Tumor -spreading a) Metastasis:

  38. VII. Cancer and the Cell Cycle A. Cancer Cells 2. Development of a Cancerous Cell a. Tumors: mass of abnormal cells 2) Malignant Tumor -abnormal cells leave originating site a) Metastasis: -spread of cancers cells via blood or lymph

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