Unit 7: Skeletal System

1. Unit 7: Skeletal System By: Jenna Sullivan & Lauren Ray

2. Unit target Describe the living and non-living components of bone and the role bones play in carrying out life’s functions.

3. (knowledge) Identify the structures of bone tissue and know the function of each structure.

4. Match the type of bone cell with their description & function Osteoprogenitor cells are the stem cells of bone. They differentiate into osteoblasts. Osteoclasts secrete acid that breaks down mineralized matrix. When osteoclasts break down the matrix the area is invaded by osteoblasts that rebuild new bone. Osteocytes maintain the matrix and live in small spaces in the matrix called lacunae. Osteoblasts make the extracellular matrix and differentiate into osteocytes. Word bank: Osteocytes, Osteoprogenitor, Osteoblasts, Osteoclasts

5. Match the tissues of the skeletal system with their function • Compact Bone • Spongy Bone • Hyaline Cartilage • Fibrocartilage • Dense Regular Connective • Blood • Nervous • Cushions • Sends and receives messages • Brings nutrients; removes wastes • Stores red bone marrow • Allows for attachment of tendons and ligaments • Provides strength • Important for bone growth; protects ends of bones

6. The 4 main functions of bone • Support & Movement – for sitting and standing; acts as levers for muscles to pull against • Protection – brain, spinal cord, vital organs • Storage – blood, stem cells, calcium phosphorus, yellow marrow, fat/energy storage • Hematopoiesis – formation of blood cells Word Bank: Protection, Hematopoiesis, Storage, Support & Movement

7. Label a diagram of compact bone tissue 1 Word Bank: • Lacunae containing Osteocytes • Lamellae • Canaliculi • Osteon • Periosteum • Haversian (Central) canal 2 3 4 6 5

8. Labeling compact bone Word Bank: • Lacunae • Haversian (Central) Canal • Canaliculi 1 2 3

9. Labeling compact bone Word Bank: • Haversian (Central) Canal • Lamellae • Lacuna • Osteocytes • Cell Process in Canaliculus 1 2 3 4 5

10. (Skill) Classify the various types of bones.

11. Determining types of bone Type Long Irregular Flat Sesamoid Short Description • Broad, flat surfaces (plate of armor) • Longer than wide; growth plates at either end • Block-like; length, width & height almost equal • Variety of shapes; many projections • Small bones imbedded within tendons & adjacent to joints

12. Determining types of bone Type Long Irregular Flat Sesamoid Short Function • Protect major internal organs • Levers to move limbs • Glide past one another, enables ankles & wrists to move in multiple directions • Projections allow for muscle attachments; shapes allow for limited motion & protection • Protect tendons & improve their mechanical effects

13. Determining types of bone Type Long Irregular Flat Sesamoid Short Examples • Frontal Bone, Coxal, Ribs • Femur, Humerus, Tibia, Ulna, Phalanges • Carpals, Tarsals • Vertebrae, Sacrum, Hyoid • Patella

14. Determining types of bone Name the types of bone. Word Bank: Flat, Long, Short, Irregular, Sesamoid • Flat Bone (Parietal Bone) • Irregular Bone (ex: Mandible) 1 2

15. Determining types of bone Name the type of bone that Arrows are pointing to: Word Bank: Flat, Long, Short, Irregular, Sesamoid 1. Short Bones 2. Long Bones ? ?

16. Determining types of bone Name the type of bone. Word Bank: Flat, Long, Short, Irregular, Sesamoid Sesamoid Bone

17. Determining types of bone Name the type of bone. Word Bank: Flat, Long, Short, Irregular, Sesamoid Long Bone

18. (Reasoning) Determine the function of the structures of a long bone.

19. Structures & functions of a long bone Structure Articular Cartilage Spongy Bone Compact Bone Medullary Cavity Yellow Marrow Endosteum Function • Site of blood cell production • Fat/energy storage • Protection • Strength • Passageway • Covering of the Medullary Cavity

20. Structures & Functions of a long bone Structure Periosteum Epiphyseal Disk Proximal Epiphysis Diaphysis Distal Epiphysis Function • Protective Layer • Shaft of the Bone • End of the bone furthest from the trunk • Growth Plate • End of bone closest to trunk

21. Structures & functions of a long bone What type of tissue makes up the protective membranes of a bone? Dense Regular Connective Tissue Name the membrane that covers the bone: Periosteum Name the membrane that covers the medullary cavity: Endosteum Word bank: Periosteum, Endosteum, Dense Regular Connective Tissue

22. Structures & Functions of a long bone Describe the periosteum: Fibrous, white What is the function of red marrow? Red marrow functions in the formation of red and white blood cells and platelets. What type of cartilage is articular cartilage? Hyaline Cartilage

23. (SKILL) Diagram a long bone.

24. Structures of a long bone 8 1 9 2 3 10 4 5 6 7 Word Bank: Spongy Bone, Periosteum, Endosteum, Distal Epiphysis, Diaphysis, Proximal Epiphysis, Articular Cartilage, Medullary Cavity , Yellow Marrow, Epiphyseal Disks, Compact Bone 11

25. Structures of a long bone Word Bank: Compact Bone, Marrow, Spongy Bone, Periosteum 1 2 3 4

26. (Reasoning) Explain how bones grow, develop and undergo repair.

27. Compare & contrast fetal, adolescent & adult bone growth Formation: During embryogenesis our bones are formed of other tissue. Long bones are initially formed of cartilage in a process called endochondrial ossifiction. Flat bones are formed of connective tissue membranes in a process called intramembranous ossification. The cartilage or membranes are ultimately replaced with bone tissue. Word Bank: embryogenesis, cartilage, intramembranous, connective tissue membranes flat, bone 1 2 3 4 5 6

28. Compare & contrast fetal, adolescent & adult bone growth Growth: Lengthwise growth of long bones occurs in cartilage structures called epiphyseal disks. Epiphyseal disks are four-layered structures found between the epiphysis and diaphysis of long bones. Epiphyseal disks are converted to bone following puberty, ending our ability to increase in height. As your bones lengthen they must also increase in diameter, by increasing osteoblast activity in the periosteum. They must also increase the diameter of the medullary cavity, by increasing osteoclast activity in the endosteum. Word Bank: epiphyseal disks, diaphysis, epiphysis, diameter, puberty, medullary, endosteum, osteoblast, osteoclast 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

29. Determine the type of bone cell that would be involved in a certain scenario. Throughout life we remodel bones to keep them new. True or False: Osteocytes resorb bone matrix to make room for new matrix. False, Osteoclasts secrete the acid that makes room for new matrix. Osteocytes maintain the matrix. Osteoprogenitor cells produce new osteoblasts. True Osteoblasts produce new bone matrix. True

30. Describe bone diseases Osteoporosis Sarcoma Osteomyelitis Osteomalacia • Infection of the bone, usually by bacteria • Collagen framework & deposited minerals are broken down faster than normal • A loss of calcium & phosphorus, often as the result of vitamin D deficiency; can cause weak bones. • Bone cancer; bone tumor

31. What is the difference between a simple and compound fracture? True or False: Simple fractures are fractures in which the bone remain beneath the skin. True Compound fractures are fractures in which the bone projects above the skin. True Which is a simple fracture? 1 or 2 1 2

32. What steps take place during repair of bone? After 1 hour Several days 1-2 weeks 2-3 months • Soft, spongy bone is deposited on callus; blood vessels heal & grow across break • Blood leaking from site of injury rapidly forms clot • New compact bone replaces callus • Fibroblasts form a callus that replaces clot

33. Major steps in repair of a fracture Number these steps 1-4 in order of the repair of a fracture: Spongy bone forms in regions close to developing blood vessels, and fibrocartilage forms in more distant regions. A bony callus replaces the fibrocartilage. Blood escapes from ruptured blood vessels and forms a hematoma. Osteoclasts remove excess bony tissue, restoring new bone structure much like the original. 2 3 1 4

34. Articulation True or False? Articulation is the formation of cartilage over a bone after a fracture. False. Articulation is the functional junctions between bones.

35. (knowledge) State the function of skeletal sections.

36. Functions of skeletal sections What is the function of the skull? Choose the best answers. Cranium: Encloses and protects the brain/Makes head round Helps us process information/Provides attachment for muscles that make chewing and head movements possible Facial Skeleton: Forms the basic shape of the face/ Allows us to see and smell Gives us facial expressions/Provides attachments for muscles that move the jaw and control facial expressions

37. Functions of skeletal sections Choose the best answer. What is the only bone of the skeleton that does not articulate? Hyoid “floating bone”/Humerus What is the function of the vertebral column? Supports the head and trunk of the body and protects the spinal cord/Helps us to stand

38. Functions of skeletal sections Which is about the atlas and which is about the axis? Atlas: first cervical vertebra; supports the head; on its superior surface are two kidney-shaped facets that articulate with the occipital condyles Axis: second cervical vertebra; bears a tooth-like dens (odontoid process) on its body which projects upward and lies in the ring of the atlas; as head turns side to side, atlas pivots around dens Word Bank: Axis, Atlas

39. Functions of skeletal sections True or False? The thoracic cage functions in the supports the pectoral girdle and upper limbs, protect the viscera in the thoracic and upper abdominal cavities, and play a role in breathing. True

40. Name and describe the three types of ribs True Ribs (Vertebrosternal ribs) False Ribs (Vertebrochondral ribs) Floating Ribs (Vertebral Ribs) • Contains 5 pair; named because their cartilages do not reach the sternum directly • Last 2 rib pairs; named because they have no cartilaginous attachments to the sternum • First 7 rib pairs; join sternum directly by their costal cartilages

41. Functions of skeletal sections Word Bank: True ribs, False ribs, floating ribs 1 2 3

42. Functions of skeletal sections True or False? Girdle is the bony framework that unites the upper and lower extremities of to the axial skeleton. True The function of the pectoral girdle is to support the lower limbs and is an attachment for several muscles that move them. False, the pectoral girdle supports the upper limbs.

43. Functions of skeletal sections True or False? The pelvic girdle supports the trunk of the body, provides attachments for the upper limbs, and protects the urinary bladder, the distal end of the large intestine, and the internal reproductive organs. False, the pelvic girdle provides attachments for the lower limbs.

44. Functions of skeletal sections Underline all that apply: Upper Appendages: Form the framework of the arm, forearm, and hand/ provide attachments for muscles/ control blood circulation/ move limb parts as levers Lower Appendages: Send and receive messages/ form the framework of the thigh, leg, and foot

45. Functions of skeletal sections True or False? The vertebral column is the longest and largest bone of the body. False, the femur is.

46. Functions of skeletal sections Compare the pelvis of males and females. • Less muscular attachments • Wider pelvic cavity • Ischial spines and ischial tuberosities are farther apart • The obturator foramina and acetabula are smaller and farther apart Male Female

47. (skill) Identify the surface markings on bones.

48. Identify the surface markings on bone Depression, Process, Cavity, or Joint? Which type? Process; Spine Cavity; Foramen

49. Identify the surface markings on bone Depression, Process, Cavity, or Joint? Which Type? Joint; Suture Depression; Fovea

50. (Reasoning) Distinguish between the axial and appendicular skeleton.