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Unit 2: Informational Macromolecules

Unit 2: Informational Macromolecules. Nucleic Acids, Amino acids and protein structure. MACROMOLECULES. organized molecules that form the structure and carry out the activities of cells - Carbohydrates - Lipids - Proteins - Nucleic acids. CARBOHYDRATES. Monosaccharides : simple sugars

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Unit 2: Informational Macromolecules

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  1. Unit 2: Informational Macromolecules Nucleic Acids,Amino acids and protein structure

  2. MACROMOLECULES • organized molecules that form the structure and carry out the activities of cells - Carbohydrates - Lipids - Proteins - Nucleic acids

  3. CARBOHYDRATES • Monosaccharides: simple sugars = the building blocks • Oligosaccharides: 2-10 sugar groups linked • These are often receptors for regulatory molecules • Glycolipids (attached to lipids) and • Glycoproteins (attached to proteins) • Polysaccharides: very long chains of sugars • i.e Glycogen

  4. LIPIDS • Fatty acids: building blocks • Composed of a hydrophilic “head” and hydrophobic “tail” • Function: energy storage molecules in the form of triacylglycerol

  5. PROTEINS • Amino acids = building blocks • 4 classes: • Basic - Acidic • Polar - Non-polar • Link together through peptide bonds to form the primary structure of a protein • H-bonding and folding lead to secondaryand tertiary structure

  6. Protein Structure Tertiary structure: • Side chain interaction determines how the protein will fold within itself. • i.e positively charged side chains might bind negatively charged side chains. • Changes to these amino acids can results in changes to protein folding and therefore affect function. Quaternary structure: proteins interacting with other proteins

  7. Food for thought: When a protein-containing solution like milk is heated, a protein film forms on the surface. Why does it form?

  8. NUCLEIC ACIDS • Nucleotides: building blocks • Can be deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or ribonucleic acid (RNA) • Are information molecules • Made up of 3 major components: • Nitrogen base, sugar, phosphate group

  9. DNA vs RNA • Deoxyribonucleotides • Sugar = deoxyribose • Bases = A T C G • Double stranded • All DNA present in every cell • Ribonucleotides • Sugar = ribose • Bases = A U C G • Single stranded • Only present in cells that express that gene

  10. Nucleic acid Synthesis • Synthesis occurs at the 3’ end of DNA • The 3’ OH group is REQUIRED for synthesis to occur phosphodiesterbond

  11. Hyrdogen bonding • Hydrogen bonds are between complimentary pairs of purines and pyrimidines • Hold together the TWO strands of DNA • A-T = 2 hydrogen bonds • G-C = 3 hydrogen bonds WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT?

  12. Practice Question Which of the two double-stranded DNA molecules shown below will be most resistant to the effects of heating • 5’-AGCAGTTCATTATTCTCTCGTCGA -3’ 3’-TCGTCAAGTAATAAGAGAGCAGCA-5’ or B. 5’-TCCTCGAGCCTCCTGCGCCGCCGA -3’ 3’-AGGAGCTCGGAGGACGCGGCGGCT-5’ Why?

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