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This lesson will increase your knowledge of concepts covered in the following TEKS for biology:

This lesson will increase your knowledge of concepts covered in the following TEKS for biology:. 3.a – Analyze, review and critique scientific explanations, including hypotheses and theories as to their strengths and weaknesses using scientific evidence and information

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This lesson will increase your knowledge of concepts covered in the following TEKS for biology:

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  1. This lesson will increase your knowledge of concepts covered in the following TEKS for biology: 3.a – Analyze, review and critique scientific explanations, including hypotheses and theories as to their strengths and weaknesses using scientific evidence and information 3.c – Evaluate impact of research on scientific thought, society, and the environment 4.b – Investigate and identify cellular processes, including homeostasis, permeability, energy production, transportation of molecules, disposal of wastes, function of cellular parts, and synthesis of new molecules

  2. This lesson will increase your knowledge of concepts covered in the following TEKS for biology: 10.a – Interpret the functions of systems in organisms 10.b – Compare the interrelationships of organ systems to each other and to the body as a whole 11.a – Identify and describe the relationships between internal feedback mechanisms in the maintenance of homeostasis 11.b – Investigate and identify how organisms respond to external stimuli 11.c – Analyze the importance of nutrition, environmental conditions, and physical exercise on health

  3. Previous LessonNervous System and Drug Addiction

  4. Question: What is a nerve impulse and how does it cross a synapse?

  5. Nerve Impulse + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - Polarized membrane of resting neuron Neuron + + + + + + + + Sodium (Na+) moves inside to depolarize - - - - - - - - - - Neuron + + + + + 0 0 0 0 Nerve impulse is wave of depolarization moving down neuron - - - - - - Neuron Nerve impulse

  6. Synapse Based on: Mader, S., Inquiry into Life, McGraw-Hill Nerve impulses cross synapses when neurotransmitters are released into the synapse and attach to receptors on dendrite, which are depolarized

  7. Question: Tobacco use is the number one cause of death in the U.S. Why do we use tobacco when we know it causes lung cancer and death?

  8. Nicotine is Addictive • Nicotine enhances amount of dopamine in the synapses • Increased dopamine results in increased feelings of pleasure • Nervous system responds by reducing the number of dopamine receptor sites • Addict must take more nicotine to produce the same “high” • So while addicts begin by taking nicotine to feel high, they end up taking nicotine in order not to feel low

  9. Question: Physiologically, why would an opioid painkiller like OxyContin be addicting?

  10. How Painkillers Work Based on: Newsweek, Oct. 20, 2003 Opioids used as painkillers travel in the blood to the pain centers of the brain, where they interrupt incoming pain signals

  11. Why Painkillers Are Addicting • As a secondary effect, opioids can stimulate reward pathways in the brain, resulting in sensations of pleasure • People addicted to painkillers become accustomed to an over-stimulated reward pathway Based on: Newsweek, Oct. 20, 2003

  12. Today’s LessonSkeletal-Muscular System and Arthritis

  13. Overview of Lesson • Skeletal System • Muscles and movement • Causes of Paralysis • Arthritis

  14. Functions of the Skeletal System • Mineral storage: bones are a reservoir for calcium and phosphorus for the body, minerals are constantly being deposited and withdrawn from bones • Support: bones support and anchor muscles • Movement: bones interact with skeletal muscles during movement • Protection: cover soft internal organs • Blood cell formation (red bone marrow)

  15. Skeleton Based on: Mader, S., Inquiry into Life, McGraw-Hill

  16. Based on: Mader, S., Inquiry into Life, McGraw-Hill

  17. Overview of Lesson • Skeletal System • Muscles and movement • Causes of Paralysis • Arthritis

  18. Muscles Based on: Mader, S., Inquiry into Life, McGraw-Hill

  19. Muscles Based on: Mader, S., Inquiry into Life, McGraw-Hill

  20. Neurons and skeletal muscle Based on: Mader, S., Inquiry into Life, McGraw-Hill

  21. Neuromuscular Junction Neurotransmitters are released from the neuron into the neuromuscular junction to depolarize muscle Based on Raven et al., Biology, McGraw-Hill

  22. Muscle Cells • Muscle • cell when • muscle is • relaxed B. Muscle cell when muscle is contracted Based on: Mader, S., Inquiry into Life, McGraw-Hill

  23. We move by muscles pulling not pushing bones Based on: Mader, S., Inquiry into Life, McGraw-Hill

  24. Overview of Lesson • Skeletal System • Muscles and movement • Causes of paralysis • Arthritis

  25. Causes of Paralysis • Damage to nerve: nerve impulse does not reach muscle X Based on: Mader, S., Inquiry into Life, McGraw-Hill

  26. Causes of Paralysis • Botulism toxin: blocks acetylcholine at neuromuscular junction so nerve impulse does not reach muscle X Based on: Mader, S., Inquiry into Life, McGraw-Hill

  27. Causes of Paralysis • Tetanus toxin: causes antagonistic muscles to contract at the same time Based on: Mader, S., Inquiry into Life, McGraw-Hill

  28. Causes of Paralysis • Nerve gas: prevents neurotransmitters from being removed from neuromuscular junctions Based on: Mader, S., Inquiry into Life, McGraw-Hill

  29. Overview of Lesson • Skeletal System • Muscles and movement • Causes of paralysis • Arthritis

  30. Arthritis • causes joint inflammation • Begins in your 20s • 100s of different forms • By 2030, 67 million Americans will suffer from arthritis In slide show mode, use the hot link below to download a copy of the cover of Time Magazine on Arthritis TIME Magazine Cover: Arthritis - Dec. 9, 2002

  31. Osteoarthritis of the Knee -Most common form of arthritis -Involves wearing away of cartilage that caps bones in joints -Usually involves a specific joint like the knee or hip Based on Mayo Clinic Health Letter, 1996

  32. Osteoarthritis • Cartilage, the body’s shock • absorber, breaks down • Weak muscles contribute to • stress of walking and running • Changes in bone structure • may trigger loss of cartilage • Injured tendons and ligaments • result in unstable joints • Inflammation due to immune • response to cartilage • breakdown • Mutations in genes may result • in weaker cartilage Based on Harvard Medical School Family Health Guide

  33. Treatment • Drugs • Surgery • Exercise • Prevention • Keep moving • Stay slim • Build muscle From: Time, December 9, 2002

  34. Joint Replacement Based on Mayo Clinic Health Letter, 1996

  35. Rheumatoid Arthritis Based on Mayo Clinic Health Letter, 1996 - Most severe form of arthritis - Usually hits between ages 30 & 50 - Is a systemic disease, involving many joints in body - Due to immune system attack on cells of synovium that lubricates joints, cause is unknown - Synovium grows out of control, damaging joint - Treatment involves use of drugs to control growth of synovium

  36. Next LessonExam III(Lessons and Labs)

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