General Rules of Jurisprudence Lesson 15

1. General Rules of JurisprudenceLesson 15 ”قاعدة اليد امارة على الملكية“ “The hand sign of ownership” The rule of Hand part 3 The case of FADAK

2. The claim of KHALIFA ABO BAKR • He claimed: That the Prophet does not leave any Inheritance, based on that Zahra (AS) did not inherit FADAK from her father (S), and FADAK is the belonging of the Muslims, unless if she brings witnesses that the Prophet (S) gifted her (AS) FADAK in his (S) life. Only then FADAK can be ruled as her (AS) belonging. Otherwise she does not have any right on FADAK. • Imam Ali’s (AS) objection was: • صحيحة عثمان بن عيسى و حماد بن عثمان عن أبي عبد الله (ع ) في حديث فدك : أن أمير المؤمنين (ع) قال لأبي بكر : أتحكم فينا بخلاف حكم الله في المسلمين؟ قال: لا. قال (ع): فأن كان في يد المسلمين شىء يملكونه ادعيت انا فيه من تسأل البينة؟ قال : أياك كنت أسأل البينة على ما تدعيه على المسلمين. قال (ع): فأذا كان في يدي شيء فادعى فيه المسلمون تسألني البينة على ما في يدي وقد ملكته في حياة رسول الله (ص) و ...) وسائل الشيعة

3. The issue of usurped FADAK The SHAEEH narrated by Othman son of Esa, and Hammad son Othman, in the narration of FADAK, that Ameerul Monineen (Imam Ali (AS)) told Abo Bakr: Are you giving judgment in our issue, against the ruling of Allah in the (affairs) of the Muslims?, he said: No, He (AS) said: That if there was a thing in the hands of Muslims which was owned by them, and I claim that it is mine, then who will you ask me the witnesses, he said: you indeed I will ask (to prove the ownership) for what you are claiming against the Muslims, He (AS) said: So if there was something (FADAK) in my hand, the Muslims claimed (against me), then why are you asking me to provide witnesses (to prove some that something is mine), and it was already in my hand, and I owned it in the life of the Prophet (S),……) Wasael Alshia

4. Objection of Imam Ali (AS) said: • In other narration: when that Khalifa said I will ask you to provide witnesses on for the claim of what is not in your hand and something which is in the hands of Muslims. • Imam Ali (AS): then why did you ask Fatima for witnesses to prove that what is in her hand belongs to her, and you did not ask the Muslims to provide witnesses for the claim of what is not in their hand, in the same way you asked me for what I claimed against them. • (Imam Ali (AS) did not have problem in bringing witnesses, the issue was to save this important aspect of Islamic judicial system, if Imam Ali (AS) brings witnesses then the whole judicial system will become without standard. Knowing that Imam Ali (AS) is the man of principle, and it does bother him the usurped of material things from him, but it bothers him if the principles are manipulated and innovated. His whole life was to defend the principles and die defending for it, his nature was to give up the materials, so if FADAK was taken to help the Muslims he will not have any problem with that, but the way it was taken and the way the principles of Islamic judicial system were manipulated it was completely disturbing to him.

5. UMER saves the day of ABO BAKR • Such disturbance to the basic Islamic principle can destroy the balance in the Islamic community and create disturbance and Chaos. • After Imam Ali’s (AS) objection to the Khalifa who could not go further with Imam Ali’s (AS) strong argument on a very basic and important Islamic principle which the Khalifa could not deny it, he became quite, and here Umer jumped in and said: O Ali leave your talk out of this, for surely we cannot argue with your proofs, so if you bring the just witnesses (then it will be ruled for you) other wise it is the belonging of the Muslims you do not have the right in it neither Fatima (AS) has in it…..)

6. The weak justification for KHALIFA • Fatima (AS) acknowledged that it was for the Prophet (S) before. • She claims that he gifted her in his life. • Since she does not have any witnesses to prove her claim of gift, then it was for the Prophet (S) when he died. • And the Khalifa then claims that the Prophet do leave any Inheritance, it remains booty or treasury or FAYE’ for the Muslims. • (Two principles were violated, the principle of ownership of a thing in hand, and principle of Prophet Inheriting some thing, the daughter of the KHLAIFA who was the wife of the Prophet (S) claimed that the house of the Prophet was her, when she refused the burial of Imam Hassan (AS) beside the grave of the Prophet (S), where she only owns 1/9 from1/8 which was left by the Prophet (S), and she claimed that the whole house of the Prophet (S) was hers.)

7. Plenty of unanswered questions?? • Why didn’t any one ask the wife of the Prophet (S) for witnesses for her claim, and where did the Hadeeth of her father that the Prophet (S) do not leave Inheritance, but booty for Muslims, why were the Muslims not consulted for the burial of Imam Hassan (AS)????? • Was it that when Fatima (AS) claimed her right the army was against her, and when the daughter of the KHALIFA claimed inheritance the army was with her? Beside that AESHA’s claim was in the whole house of the Prophet (S) not in a share of that house, but the whole house. • The KHALIFA claimed that the thing which was in Fatima’s (AS) hand is not hers, so he is the one who should bring the witnesses. Because the Prophet (S) died and it was in the hand of Fatima (AS) since the time of BANI NADHEER.

8. The implementation of the rule of HAND • If the Khalifa says that it was not given to FATIMA (AS) by the Prophet (S), then needs to bring two witnesses. Because he claimed that he is not aware of such transfer from the Prophet (S) to his daughter (S). • The rule of HAND is implemented when the transfer of a commodity from one person to another one is unknown, and the commodity or the thing was in the hand of the second person in a way which reflects his ownership. Then who ever claims against the ownership of the second person should present the witnesses. • End of part one of the book, we will start with part two of the book in our next lesson InshaAllah.

9. The incidence of FADAK briefly: • The best summary exists from Sahih Bukhari Volume 4, Book 53, Number 325:Narrated Ayesha (mother of the believers),' After the death of Allah's Apostle Fatima, the daughter of Allah's Apostle asked Abu Bakr As-Siddiq to give her the share of inheritance from what Allah's Apostle had left of the Fai (i.e. booty gained without fighting) which Allah had given him. Abu Bakr said to her, "the holy prophet (saww) had said, 'Our property will not be inherited, whatever we (i.e. prophets) leave is Sadaqah (to be used for charity)." Fatima, the daughter of Allah's Apostle got angry and stopped speaking to Abu Bakr, and continued assuming that attitude till she died. Fatima remained alive for six months after the death of the Holy prophet (saww).

10. Why did the Muslims not know about FADAK? • fadak was not near Madina so that the people of Madina would know about its affairs or the person, who managed it. It was at a distance of some days from medina and it was a Jewish village1. It was not in the Islamic environment to be know among the Muslims that it was in Fatima's possession. Fatima thought if she claimed her possession of Fadak that the caliph would ask her for evidence as he asked her about the donation as long as he-in her opinion-was controlled by a prevailing power of his tendency that did not make him confess anything. It was easy for the (whale) on that day to swallow Fatima's agent of Fadak and anyone else, who knew the truth, as it swallowed Abu Sa'eed al-Khidri and prevented from him from telling the truth of the donation of Fadak whereas he told of it after that as it mentioned in the Sunni and Shia books,

11. The verse of FAYE or Booty • وَمَا أَفَاء اللَّهُ عَلَى رَسُولِهِ مِنْهُمْ فَمَا أَوْجَفْتُمْ عَلَيْهِ مِنْ خَيْلٍ وَلَا رِكَابٍ وَلَكِنَّ اللَّهَ يُسَلِّطُ رُسُلَهُ عَلَى مَن يَشَاء وَاللَّهُ عَلَى كُلِّ شَيْءٍ قَدِيرٌ {6} • [Shakir 59:6] And whatever Allah restored to His Messenger from them you did not press forward against it any horse or a riding camel but Allah gives authority to His messengers against whom He pleases, and Allah has power over all things.[Pooya/Ali Commentary 59:6] • When disbelieving possessors turn hostile and aggressive against Allah and His Prophet, then, if their possessions are returned to the prophet of Allah without any effort or exertion on the part of the believers, such possessions become the property of His prophet. In this way it is distinguished from anfal (spoils), taken after fighting. Even in the case of anfal the authority of the prophet of Allah is unchallengeable. See commentary of Anfal: 1.

12. FADAK was given up without a fight • The voluntary submission of the enemy in verse 2 has been referred to here. • The Jews of Madina had come from outside and seized the lands of the original inhabitants. Since then they had been scheming and plotting to retain the usurped properties by hook or by crook. Seeing the growth of Islam they became more active and aggressive against the people of Madina. It was a just and wise decree of the Lord of the worlds to restore the lands to their original owners and thus bring peace and order in the region.

13. FAYE: • Fa-i is derived from afa which means "returned to". The warriors are not entitled to any share in the property of fa-i as stated above. It belongs to Allah and His Prophet and is to be distributed among the relatives of the Holy Prophet (see commentary of Anfal: 41; Nahl: 90; Rum: 38), orphans, the needy and the wayfarer, so that it does not concentrate in the hands of a few rich-this serves as a basis for the socio-economic system of Islam. • After the Holy Prophet his share has to be given to the Imam of his Ahl ul Bayt in addition to the share of his relatives. To know the real and genuine relatives (Ahl ul Bayt) of the Holy Prophet see commentary of Baqarah: 124; Ali Imran: 61; Ahzab: 33 and Shura: 23. • Also see commentary of Bani Isarail: 26; Naml: 15, 16; Nahl: 90 and Maryam: 2 to 15 for the unjust, unislamic and unquranic deviation of the so-called followers of the Holy Prophet resorted to for depriving the Ahlul Bayt from their rightful share.

14. - في تفسيرعلى بن ابراهيم حدثنى ابى عن ابن ابى عمير عن عثمان بن عيسى وحماد بن عثمان عن أبى عبدالله عليه السلام قال: لما بويع لابى بكر واستقام له الامر على جميع المهاجرين والانصار بعث إلى فدك من أخرج وكيل فاطمة بنت رسول الله صلى الله عليه واله منها فجاء‌ت فاطمة إلى أبى بكر فقالت: يابا بكر منعتنى ميراثى من رسول الله صلى الله عليه واله وأخرجت وكيلى من فدك وقد جعلها لى رسول الله بأمر الله عزوجل؟ فقال لها: هاتى على ذلك شهودا، فجاء‌ت بام أيمن فقالت: لا أشهد حتى أحتج يا أبا بكر عليك بما قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه واله، فقالت: انشدك يا أبا بكر ألست تعلم ان رسول الله قال: ام أيمن امرأة من أهل الجنة؟ قال: بلى، قالت: فاشهد بان الله أوحى إلى رسوله صلى الله عليه واله وآت ذا القربى حقه فجعل فدك لفاطمة بأمر الله وجاء على فشهد بمثل ذلك فكتب لها كتابا ودفعه اليها، فدخل عمرفقال: ما هذا الكتاب؟ فقال أبوبكر: ان فاطمة ادعت في فدك وشهدت لها ام ايمن وعلى فكتبت لها بفدك، فأخذ عمرالكتاب من فاطمة فمزقه وقال: هذا فئ المسلمين، وقال: أوس ابن الحدثان وعائشة وحفصة يشهدون على رسول الله انه قال: انا معاشر الانبياء لا نورث ما تركناه صدقة، وان عليا زوجها يجر إلى نفسه وام ايمن فهى امرأة صالحة لو كان معها غيرها لنظرنا فيه، فخرجت فاطمة عليها السلام من عندها باكية حزينة

15. ، فلما كان بعد هذا جاء على عليه السلام إلى أبى بكر وهو في المسجد وحوله المهاجرون و الانصار، فقال: يابابكرلم منعت فاطمة من ميراثها من رسول الله صلى الله عليه واله وقد ملكته في حيوة رسول الله صلى الله عليه واله؟ فقال أبوبكر: هذا فئ المسلمين فان أقامت شهودا ان رسول الله صلى الله عليه واله جعل لها والا فلا حق لها فيه، فقال أمير المؤمنين صلوات الله عليه: تحكم فينا بخلاف حكم الله في المسلمين؟ قال: لا قال: فان كان في يد المسلمين شئ يملكونه وادعيت انا فيه من تسأل البينة؟ قال: اياك كنت اسأل البينة على ما تدعيه • على المسلمين، قال: واذا كان في يدى شئ فادعى فيه المسلمون فتسألنى البينة على ما في يدى وقد ملكته في حيوة رسول الله صلى الله عليه واله وبعده ولم تسأل المسلمين البينة على ما ادعوا على شهودا كما سألتنى على ما ادعيت عليهم؟ فسكت ابوبكر ثم قال عمر: يا على دعنا من كلامك فانا لا نقوى على حججك فان أتيت شهودا عدولا والا فهو فئ المسلمين لا حق لك ولا لفاطمة فيه،

16. فقال أمير المؤمنين: يا ابابكر تقرأ كتاب الله؟ قال: نعم قال: فأخبرنى عن قول الله تعالى: (انما يريد الله ليذهب عنكم الرجس أهل البيت ويطهركم تطهيرا) فيمن نزلت، فينا ام في غيرنا؟ قال: بل فيكم، قال: فلو ان شاهدين شهدا على فاطمة بفاحشة ما كنت صانعا؟ قال: كنت اقيم عليها الحد كما اقيم على سائرالمسلمين، • قال: كنت اذا عند الله من الكافرين قال: ولم؟ قال: لانك رردت شهادة الله لها بالطهارة، وقبلت شهادة الناس عليها كما رددت حكم الله وحكم رسوله ان جعل لها فدكا وقبضته في حيوته، ثم قبلت شهادة اعرابى بائل على عقبيه (مثل اوس بن الحارث خ) عليها وأخذت منها فدك، وزعمت انه فئ المسلمين وقد قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه واله: البينة على من ادعى واليمنين على من ادعى عليه؟ قال: فدمدم الناس(1) وبكى بعضهم فقالوا: صدق والله على ورجع على صلوات الله عليه إلى منزله قال: فدخلت فاطمة عليها السلامالمسجد وطافت بقبر أبيها صلى الله عليه واله وهى تبكى