Goal 5: Ecology

1. Goal 5: Ecology

2. Why Study Ecology • Ecology is the study of interactions between organisms and their environments • Ecologist ask questions such as: • “What does a coyote eat” • “How does temperature affect the growth of plants” • “How does day length affect bird migration”

3. Bio= life • The sphere of life consists of living and nonliving factors. It supports all life. • Biotic= living • Abiotic=non-living

4. Make a Column of Biotic and Abiotic Factors • BIOTIC • -bacteria • -grass • -fungus • -fish • -mushrooms • ABIOTIC • -air • -water • -nitrogen • -dirt • -sun

5. Name the Abiotic and Biotic Factors

6. Levels of Organization

7. Organizing Living Things in Ecology • First level (most specific)- Organism • Individual living thing • 2nd Level - Population • Group of organisms all of one species

8. Organization continued • 3rd Level - Biological Community • All the living (biotic) populations of species that live in the same place at the same time

9. Organization cont. • 4th level - Ecosystem • Both biotic and abiotic things that interact with each other in given area at the same time

10. Finally…… The last level • Fifth and biggest level - Biosphere • Portion of Earth that supports living things

11. Organisms in EcosystemsHabitat vs. Niche • Habitat = the place where an organism lives out it’s life • Where you live • One habitat can have many niches • Niche = strategies and adaptations a species uses in its environment • Organism’s role in the habitat • More than one species can not occupy the same niche in a location.

12. Bellringer • Relate each one of the characteristics of life to the human body. • Example: Genetic Code: My genetic information is contained in DNA and RNA

13. 5.01a Identify and describe symbiotic relationships • Symbiosis = "intimate living together" between different species. • Refers to the different relationships that can exist between organisms 1. Mutualism (+,+) 2. Commensalism (+, 0) 3. Parasitism (+, -) 4. Predator-Prey cycle

14. Mutualism

15. Mutualism – clownfish and anemone The clownfish gets protection from the anemone and in return protects the anemone from fish that would eat it (angelfish); the clownfish also keeps the anemone free of dirt and debris http://www.bigfishhooked.com/clown_fish_and_anenome.jpg

16. Mutualism – Lichens and Algae Lichens consist of a fungus with an algae or photosynthetic bacterium living inside the fungus. The alga provides food for both of them and the fungus provides a habitat for the alga. tbnid=7aE_8wrZkK9LJM:&tbnh=111&tbnw=148&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dlichen%26start%3D20%26ndsp%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DN

17. Mutualism – Ant and Aphid • Aphids provides honeydew sugar for ants. Ants protect the aphids from predators and parasites. http://www.richsoil.com/antsandaphids/ants_aphids_sugar.jpg

18. Mutualism – sea slug with algae The algae lives in the sea slug and makes food for both of them – in return it gets a place to live. http://www.calacademy.org/science_now/new_species/melibe_digitata.html

19. Nitrogen fixing nodules Bacteria in the nodules can take nitrogen gas from the atmosphere and turn it into a form that can be used by the plant; in return, the plant protects the bacteria from harmful oxygen and the bacteria get food from the plant. http://www.mobot.org/gardeninghelp/images/pests/179.jpg

20. Mutualism - pollination Many plants depend on pollinators for their reproduction. They provide nectar to attract these pollinators. So the pollinator gets fed and the plant gets reproduced! http://www.life.uiuc.edu/help/digitalflowers/picts/Asteraceae/15-Liatris%20pollination.jpg

21. Protozoans in cow’s stomach These protozoans along with bacteria help the cow by digesting cellulose; cows don’t have the enzymes to do this. The protozoans and bacteria get a place to live and a continual food source. This is a valuable mutualistic relationship. http://commtechlab.msu.edu/sites/dlc-me/zoo/zac0278.jpg

22. Ants and Acacia Trees • Acacia provides ants with a protein rich secretion. Ants protect tree from herbivores. http://www.agrotours.com/bio/cr13.jpg

23. Commensalism

24. Cattle Egret - Commensalism The cattle stir up grasshoppers and other insects that the egret likes to eat. There is no apparent benefit to the cow.

25. Commensalism – shark and remora The remora benefits by getting food from the shark’s meal. But there is no apparent benefit to the shark. http://www.scubaduba.com/gallery/shark2.jpg

26. Commensalism – whale and barnacle Barnacle larvae attach to the whale. The barnacle has a habitat. Whale is not harmed. • http://www.coolantarctica.com/Antarctica%20fact%20file/wildlife/whales/humptail.jpg

27. Parasitism

28. Parasitism Tick feeds on the blood of the host. The host loses blood or is subject to infection/death.

29. Mistletoe – a plant parasite Mistletoe lives off the branches and stems of Other trees. The tree can be very harmed. http://www.wcosf.org/other_photos/Mistletoe_1_600.JPG

30. Predator-Prey In a predator-prey relationship one organism benefits and the other is killed.

31. Predator-Prey Cycle Prey Population = Predator Population More predators = more prey eaten Less predators = less prey they eat Prey Population Goes = Predator Population Goes Predator: hunts: wolf Prey: hunted: rabbit

32. Bubble Map • Symbiotic Relationships • Benefit • Harmed • No effect • Mutualistic • Commensalism • Parasitism • ** Examples of Each

33. We will be planting Great Northern Beans to grow plants. In your group, you must decide on an experiment that you want to perform. • Brainstorm Ideas. Choose one. • What do you want to find out? Can you develop an experiment to answer your question? Does your question make sense? Is it confusing? • Step 2: Hypothesis • What do you think will happen? BE SPECIFIC! Use complete sentences. • Step 3: Start developing a procedure