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The Structure of Our Galaxy, Planetary Orbits, and Newton's Laws

This article explores the inner and outer planets of our solar system, the structure of our galaxy, and the mysterious patterns found in planetary orbits. It also delves into the laws of motion proposed by Sir Isaac Newton.

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The Structure of Our Galaxy, Planetary Orbits, and Newton's Laws

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  1. INNER PLANETS

  2. OUTER PLANETS

  3. IR picture 105 ly Scorpius constellation Galactic center

  4. THE LOCAL GROUP 106 ly ANDROMEDA 2x106 LY from us

  5. GALACTIC STRUCTURES 30% ELLIPTICAL -majority SPIRAL LENTICULAR IRREGULAR

  6. ACTIVE GALAXIES RF JETS AND BLACK HOLE – NGC4261

  7. GALAXY CLUSTERS VIRGO COMA FORMAX

  8. RED SHIFT SURVEYS TO 150 Mpc, ~2% to edge Filaments and Sheet-like Structures And Bubble-like voids

  9. EPICYCLES - COPERNICUS

  10. KEPLER’S LAWS The orbits of the planets are ellipses, with the Sun at one focus of the ellipse. The line joining the planet to the Sun sweeps out equal areas in equal times as the planet travels around the ellipse.

  11. Galileo’s drawing Huyghen’s drawing Hubble image

  12. KEY QUESTIONS: • WHY SIX PLANETS ? • WHAT CONTROLS THE SIZE OF THEIR ORBITS KEPLER MYSTERIUM COSMOGRAHICUM A precursor to cosmographical dissertations, containing the cosmic mystery of the admirable proportions of the Celestial Spheres, and of the True and Proper Causes of their Numbers, Sizes, and Periodic Motions of the Heavens, Demonstrated by the Five Regular Geometric Solids Numbers p =3.14159…… f = 1.6180339…. Golden ratio, Golden number, Golden Section AB/AC=AC/CB A C B

  13. Bode’ Law Distances of planets from Sun M .39, V .72, E 1.0, Mars 1.5, J 5.2, SAT 9.5, UR 19, N 30, PL 39 Start with 0,3,6,12,24,48,96,192,384 Add 4 and divide by 10 .4,.7,1.0,1.6,2.8,5.2,10,19.6,38.8 Missed Neptune and no planet at 2.8 Asteroid belt -> rocks (40000) few km size

  14. Newton’s laws • Newton’s laws of motion • Frames of reference • Newton’s law of Gravitation

  15. I: NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION Begin by stating Newton’s laws: Newton’s first law (N1) – If a body is not acted upon by any forces, then its velocity, v, remains constant Note: • N1 sweeps away the idea of “being at rest” as a natural state.

  16. Newton’s 2nd law (N2) – If a body of mass M is acted upon by a force F, then its acceleration a is given by F=Ma Note • N2 defines “inertial mass” as the degree by which a body resists being accelerated by a force. • Another way of saying this is that force = rate of change of momentum (rate of change of mv). Newton’s 3rd law (N3) - If body A exerts force F on body B, the body B exerts a force –F on body A.

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