1 / 19

Dement and Kleitman (1957)

Dement and Kleitman (1957). The relation of eye movements during sleep to dream activity: An objective method for the study of dreaming. What is REM?.

sondra
Download Presentation

Dement and Kleitman (1957)

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Dement and Kleitman (1957) The relation of eye movements during sleep to dream activity: An objective method for the study of dreaming Dement & Kleitman (1957)

  2. What is REM? • R.E.M. is a rock band formed in Athens, Georgia in early 1980 by drummer Bill Berry, guitarist Peter Buck, bassist Mike Mills and vocalist Michael Stipe. Dement & Kleitman (1957)

  3. No, but what is R.E.M. really….? • It stands for Rapid Eye Movement • It happens while you’re asleep • You can see it happening when the sleeper’s eyes are closed • You can measure it with a device called an ELECTROOCULAROGRAM (E.O.G.) • Aserinsky & Kleitman (1955) had already shown a link between dreaming and R.E.M. Dement & Kleitman (1957)

  4. How else can you study dreaming? • You can measure people’s BRAINWAVES while they’re sleeping • You use a device called an ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM (E.E.G.) which attaches to the scalp Dement & Kleitman (1957)

  5. Cycle back through stages REM So what do we know? • People go through different stages while they’re asleep • Stages 1 is light sleep, stages 2, 3 and 4 get deeper and deeper • These stages are non-REM (NREM) sleep • Stage 5, the deepest, is REM sleep • After a while of REM, you drop back to a lighter stage then repeat the cycle Dement & Kleitman (1957)

  6. The Procedure • Natural experiment in a lab setting • Also: a controlled observation • Sample: 7 men, 2 women (volunteers) • IV = woken in NREM or REM • DV = self reports of dreaming Dement & Kleitman (1957)

  7. What happened? • P’s turn up at the lab at bedtime • They sleep attached to an EEG and an EOG • A buzzer wakes them up at odd intervals • They describe their dream into a tape recorder • They are woken on average 5.7 times a night, 6 hours sleep Dement & Kleitman (1957)

  8. Any controls? • No alcohol or caffeine drunk • 5 P’s studied intensively (6-17 nights), other 4 only studied for 1 or 2 nights • This is to check sleep disruption isn’t affecting results • No talking directly to a researcher (demand characteristics) Dement & Kleitman (1957)

  9. What was being tested? • Did dreams happen during REM or during NREM? • Did the duration of the dream match the duration of the REM? • Did the content of the dream match the direction of the eye movements? Dement & Kleitman (1957)

  10. Do dreams happen in REM? • Everyone had REM at some point in their sleep – often several times • REM matches up with fast low-voltage brainwaves on the EEG • REM lasts 3-50 minutes (average 20) and gets longer as the night goes on • Sleepers woken in REM usually reported a dream Dement & Kleitman (1957)

  11. NON-REM AWAKENINGS REM AWAKENINGS Let’s see that as a graph Dement & Kleitman (1957)

  12. Show me the figures Dement & Kleitman (1957)

  13. Explain the anomalies • Half of the NREM dreams were reported within 8 minutes of leaving REM – maybe “remembered” dreams • Most dream-less REM was early in the night Dement & Kleitman (1957)

  14. Let’s look at individuals Does anybody stand out as “different”? Dement & Kleitman (1957)

  15. What about the length of dreams? • P’s couldn’t estimate this, so researchers randomly woke them after 5 or 15 mins of REM and asked them to guess • Most P’s could guess correctly • So it looks like time passes in a dream the same way it passes in “waking” life Dement & Kleitman (1957)

  16. Let’s see that as a graph 5 MINUTES AFTER AWAKENING 15 MINUTES AFTER AWAKENING Dement & Kleitman (1957)

  17. Show me the figures Dement & Kleitman (1957)

  18. What about the direction of eye movements? • VERTICLE movements (3 out of 35) • Looking up a cliff, climbing a ladder, aiming basketballs at hoops • HORIZONTAL (1 out of 35) • Watching two people throw tomatoes at each other • BOTH TYPES (21) • Looking at things close up • NO MOVEMENT (10) • Looking at things in the distance Dement & Kleitman (1957)

  19. Discussion • Does the evidence support the idea of dreams occurring in REM? • Do dreams occur at the same rate as “real” experiences? • Does REM reflect what you’re “looking at” in your dream? • What problems are there with this sample? • Does this study have ecological validity? • How else can dreams be studied? Dement & Kleitman (1957)

More Related