IAQ = Dollars, Energy Savings, reduced absenteeism, and increased productivity

1. Education and Indoor Air Quality IAQ = Dollars, Energy Savings, reduced absenteeism, and increased productivity

2. According to the U.S. Department of Education National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) report Condition of America's Public School Facilities • One-quarter of U.S. schools need extensive repair or replacement of one or more buildings. • Approximately 40% of schools report at least one unsatisfactory environmental condition such as poor ventilation, heating or lighting problems. • Improper building operations and deferred maintenance contribute to poor indoor environmental conditions, affecting the levels of mold, mildew, dust, animal dander, radon, secondhand smoke, asbestos, and formaldehyde in schools. • Asthma alone accounts for 14 million missed school days each year. 6.1 million children in the United States have asthma. • According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), of those reporting at least one asthma attack in 2003, children aged 5 to 17 years missed 12.8 million school days, while employed adults missed 10.1 million work days. • Viral infections predispose children to asthma attacks and allergic responses. • School children are estimated to experience 7-10 colds each year and improved IAQ and ventilation can reduce the airborne transmission of viruses.

3. The Cost-Effectiveness of Addressing School Indoor Air Quality • School districts stand to reap considerable financial benefits by taking a proactive, • comprehensive approach to managing IAQ and other school environmental issues. • In addition to avoiding the potentially enormous repair and replacement costs associated with deferred maintenance, schools can benefit from: • Reduced costs related to illness, • Absenteeism lowered productivity • Energy costs.

4. An Ounce of Prevention….Schools Benefit from Taking a ProactiveApproach to IAQ Management Over ten years ago, the Environmental Protection Agency developed the Indoor Air Quality Tools for Schools program. The voluntary program offers schools a wealth of practical informational resources for establishing and institutionalizing a comprehensive system for addressing IAQ issues. Since the program began, EPA has developed case studies and profiles of the results reported by school districts that have formally implemented the program.

5. Current standard HVAC sizing methodology ASHRAE Standard 62-1989 (and the subsequent Standard 62-1999) • ASHRAE Standard 62-1989 raised the outdoor air requirements for acceptable indoor air quality for very high occupant density buildings such as schools and auditoriums from its previous level of 5 cfm per occupant to 15 cfm per occupant. • Since occupant densities in these buildings can be very high (e.g. 30-150 occupants per 1000 square feet), the absolute increase in outdoor air volumes in these buildings due to ASHRAE Standard 62 is exceptionally large, and outdoor air fractions (proportion of supply air which is outdoor air) rise significantly. • Therefore, air flows in these buildings become heavily dominated by indoor air quality requirements rather than by thermal load requirements. • Peak cooling loads increased 20%-32% when raising outdoor air flow rates from 5-15 cfm per occupant. • The HVAC energy cost increase of raising outdoor air flow rates is 17% to 39% for CV systems (constant Volume) in education buildings, and 26% to 58% for CV systems in auditoriums. • The HVAC energy cost impact for VAV systems was 15% to 35% in education buildings, and 35% to 81% in auditoriums.

6. ASHRAE 62.1 IAQ Procedure an alternative design method The Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Procedure is a performance-based design approach. The building and its ventilation system are designed to maintain the concentrations of specific contaminants at or below certain limits identified during the building design. The goal is to achieve the design target level of perceived indoor air quality acceptability by building occupants and/or visitors.

7. ASHRAE 62.1 Ventilation Rate ProcedureConsiderations Considerations : Using outdoor air to improve IAQ • Is the outdoor air clean? 62.1 assumes it is. • ASHRAE 62.1 uses CO2load in space to determine amount of Out Door Air needed to dilute pollutants in occupied space. It does not allow for in TVOC (Total Volatile Organic Compounds) or bio aerosols introduced by outdoor air. Introducing dirty ODA into a space does not necessarily improve indoor air quality even if CO2 levels are lowered. 3. Higher energy cost are associated with more outdoor air.

8. Possible solutions that do not solely depend on clean ODA: • Use energy recovery devices to lower energy cost • Use Demand Control Ventilation • Use ASHRAE 62 I.A.Q. Procedure • Challenges: • Energy Recovery devices require space, money, maintence and can become source of bio aerosols. • Demand Control Ventilation requires clean outdoor air and must assume reducing the outdoor air that is diluting airborne contaminant load will still be enough to deal with space TVOC load and bio aerosols. • I.A.Q. Procedure; does the device works as claimed (Are both 3rd Party Testing and Job Site Testing available?), will the product deal with TVOC, bio aerosols and CO2 loads (Current filtration products allow designer flexibility in dealing with inorganic particulate. It is assumed here that inorganic particulate is part of the filter design apart from the outdoor air requirement.) Warning: Manufacturers of IAQ equipment generally manipulate CO2 numbers, if the solution does not deal with CO2, I.A.Q. Procedure is not valid with that product. • Simple Answer: Combination of solutions • 1. ASHRAE 62.1 Ventilation Rate Procedure (Base of Design) (Energy Recovery if practical) • 2. Demand Control Ventilation (To deal with actual CO2 Load) • 3. I.A.Q. Procedure (Use for min. ODA damper settings) to destroy TVOCs and bio aerosols rather than dilute.

9. Savings to School energy cost Combining methods that allow for reduced operational outdoor air intake rates. Resulting in lower energy consumption. • First, reduced outdoor air intake rates translate directly into reductions in ventilation fan energy use. • Second, reduced outdoor air intake rates reduce energy use associated with the conditioning of outside ventilation air (e.g. heating, cooling, and dehumidification of outside ventilation air).

10. Source of FundingPACE Bonds • Property Assessed Clean Energy (“PACE”) Bonds are financing tools which allow municipalities to offer low-interest loans to homeowners and business owners for energy efficiency retrofits and/or the installation of renewable energy systems.   • How It Works: • State enabling legislation allows for special municipal taxing districts • Municipality (city or county) creates a special “PACE” district • “PACE” district issues a “PACE” master bond • Commercial/residential real estate owners apply for PACE funds to install hyper energy efficiency measures and renewable energy production (e.g. solar) • PACE funding treated as senior “property tax lien” and repaid by real estate owner over 20 years as annual property tax surcharge • Benefits to Property Owner: • Elimination of “up-front” cost barrier • Costs “run with the property” • Positive cash flow on retrofits (annual savings>cost) which frees up household income for mortgage payments • Lower energy bills and lower vulnerability to spikes in energy price

11. PACE BondsExample • Building owner has utility costs of $20,000. An energy audit concludes that a $300,000 investment in energy retrofits would bring monthly utility bills down to $13,000. • Owner takes a $300,000 loan from the City’s PACE program and retrofits the building. Owner repays the loan over 20 years through an increase in the building’s annual property taxes – at an 8% interest rate, that means additional property taxes of $1,400 per month. Owner achieves positive cash flow from Day 1. • Investors in PACE Bond have a secured interest in the property that will survive foreclosure because it is a senior lien (it is technically a property tax surcharge). • Politicians like the PACE Bond because it only raises taxes for the property owner that chooses to take part in the program and it means more construction employment in his or her district.

12. Everyone can enjoy clean air !!!! Why capture a problem ? • Destroy It. What do these units have in common? Photo Catalytic Oxidation Panels PCO field of destruction Remember a dead or destroyed spore, bacteria or virus will not be back to infect another day

13. Equipment Offerings Media Panel last 15 years of continuous operation Easy to Maintain: 12,000hr Bulb replacement

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15. Personal Spaces: Protect your yourself & family with a proven commercial solutionscaled down for smaller spaces Improve the air quality in classroom, home or work A personal solution to an age old problem. 2006 D & L Small: Hangs on the wall, sits on floor, on a desk or table

16. For your commercial retro fit needs AHU Retrofit:

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