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Health Hazards Instructional Goal

Health Hazards Instructional Goal. The participant will be able to interpret health hazard information for reducing personal risk when handling chemicals. What is a health hazard?. Toxicology is. the study of chemical toxicity based on epidemiological studies based on animal studies.

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Health Hazards Instructional Goal

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  1. Health Hazards Instructional Goal The participant will be able to interpret health hazard information for reducing personal risk when handling chemicals.

  2. What is a health hazard?

  3. Toxicology is • the study of chemical toxicity • based on epidemiological studies • based on animal studies

  4. Factors Affecting Human Response To Chemical Exposure • Toxic substances • Route of exposure • Chemical dose • Individual sensitivity • Interaction with other chemicals

  5. Forms of Toxic Substances • Solids • Dusts • Fumes • Liquids • Vapors • Mists

  6. Asphyxiants Carcinogens Flammable Irritants Sensitizers Mutagens Teratogens Target Organ Poisons Health Hazards You need to understand that some chemicals may fall into more than one category.

  7. CNS Circulatory system Blood and blood forming system (hematoxins) Liver (hepatotoxins) Kidneys (nephrotoxins) Reproductive Organs Lungs Skin Eyes Target Organ Poisons

  8. Routes of Entry Inhalation

  9. Routes of Entry Eye/skin (dermal contact)

  10. Routes of Entry Ingestion

  11. Routes of Entry Injection

  12. Acute Response • Headaches • Dizziness • Nausea • Eye, skin or respiratory damage • Unconsciousness • Death

  13. Chronic Response • Frequently not reversible • Liver, kidney, lung damage • Target organ poisons • Storage in fat (adipose) tissue

  14. Dose - Response Relationship Dose of chemical How much / How long Response of the biological system

  15. Response LD50 Dose Dose Response Curve

  16. Remember!! Toxic Dose (quantity vs time of exposure) The smaller the number the more toxic the dose!

  17. Toxicity is • Rate of the potential for harm from a substance • Low toxicity vs. high toxicity

  18. Toxic Concentration Less than 1.0 mg/kg Dangerously Toxic 1- 50 mg/kgHighly Toxic 50 - 500 mg/kg Toxic 500 - 5,000 mg/kg Moderately Toxic 5 - 50 g/kgLow Toxic

  19. “All substances are poison ..... The right dose differentiates a poison and a remedy.”

  20. Substance Interaction • Additive 2 + 2 = 4 • Synergistic 2 + 4 = 10 • Potentiation 0 + 2 = 4 • Antagonism 2 + 4 = 3

  21. Toxic dose is based upon normal distribution and average health. Genetic variability is a major factor.

  22. Average Population Less Sensitive More Sensitive

  23. PEL/TLV,IDLH areExposure Limits • airborne concentration of a material to which nearly all individuals may be repeatedly exposed without adverse health effects. • helps eliminate factor of genetic variability

  24. Common Units forExposure Limits • ppm or ppb • used with liquid, vapor, and gas • mg/m3 (milligrams/cubic meter air) • used with solid particulates suspended in air

  25. Exposure Limits • Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) • Threshold Limit Value (TLV) • Recommended Exposure Limit (REL) • Time-weighted average (TWA) • Short-term Exposure Limit (STEL) • Ceiling (C) • Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH)

  26. Exposure Limits • PELs - OSHA's enforceable standards • TLVs - intended for use in the practice of industrial hygiene (ACGIH)

  27. Cautions and LimitationsDon’t use PELs, REls, TLVs • as fine lines between safe and dangerous • for evaluation or control of community air pollution • for estimating the toxic potential of continuous exposure • as proof of an existing disease or physical condition

  28. Exposure Limits • Time Weighted Average • 8 hour day • 40 hour week

  29. TWA, STEL, C Measured Amount Exposure (ppm) TWA 0 8 Time (hours)

  30. TWA, STEL, C Exposure (ppm) STEL TWA 0 1 2 3 4 Time (hours) Maximum of 15 minutes

  31. TWA, STEL, C Exposure (ppm) STEL TWA 0 1 2 3 4 Time (hours) C

  32. IDLH Values Concentrations of toxic substance from which escape is possible without irreversible harm should a worker's respiratory protective equipment fail.

  33. ToxicologyProtection from Toxins • Know the potential for toxicity of the materials with which you work. • Know the signs and symptoms of toxins effects.

  34. ToxicologyProtection from Toxins • Use engineering controls. • Use common sense around chemicals. • Select and use protective equipment based on MSDS and safety officer recommendations. • Wash exposed areas thoroughly before eating, drinking, or smoking.

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