ICSE Class 6 Chemistry Study Material on Extramarks to Assist the Students in their Learning.

1. “Chemical Bonding”ICSE Class 10

2. Electrovalent Bond • The force that holds the atoms together in a molecule of a substance is known as chemical bond. In 1916, Kossel put forward the theory of bonding based on the electronic concept of the atom. According to his theory, the formation of bond depends upon the number of electrons present in the outermost shell of an atom. • He gave some postulates to support his theory. He observed that atoms of noble gases are stable. They have 8 electrons (except helium which contains 2 electrons) in the outermost shell. On this basis he gave octet rule which states that, for an atom to be stable it must possess eight electrons in its outermost shell.  • Chemical bond formed by the complete transfer of electrons from one atom of an element to one atom of another element is known as electrovalent bond or ionic bond. Most of the ionic compounds are formed when elements belonging to Group 1 and 2 of periodic table combine with elements of Group 16 and 17. • Electrovalent compounds consist of charged particles (cation and anion). They are crystalline, hard and brittle solids having high melting and boiling points. They are soluble in water but insoluble in non polar solvents. The cation and anion in these compounds are held together tightly by electrostatic force of attraction. They conduct electricity in their molten state and in aqueous solution. 

3. Covalent Bond • The atoms of a compound are held together by chemical bonds formed either by electron transfer between atoms or by sharing of electrons. According to Kossel's theory, the formation of bond depends upon the number of electrons present in the outermost shell of an atom.  • Lewis symbol consists of the element symbol surrounded by dots to represent the number of electrons present in its valence shell. According to Octet rule, for an atom to be stable it must possess eight electrons in its outermost shell.  • A covalent bond is a chemical bond formed by mutual sharing of electron pairs between two atoms. Based on sharing of electron pairs, covalent bond is of three types: single bond, double bond and triple bond. Single covalent bond is formed by the sharing of one pair of electrons between two atoms.  •  Double covalent bond is formed by the sharing of two pairs of electrons between two atoms. Triple covalent bond is formed by the sharing of three pairs of electrons between two atoms. On the basis of polarity, covalent bonds are polar and non-polar.  •  Polar covalent bond is formed between two dissimilar atoms with different electronegativity. Non-polar covalent bond is formed between two similar atoms with same electronegativity. Covalent compounds generally exist as gases or liquids.  • They have low melting and boiling points and they are poor conductors of heat and electricity. The properties of covalent compounds are different from the properties of electrovalent compounds.

4. Coordinate Bond • A covalent bond is a chemical bond formed by mutual sharing of electron pairs between two atoms. A coordinate bond is a special type of covalent bond in which both the electrons of the shared pair come from one of the two combining atoms. Coordinate bond is also known as dative bond.  • This type of bond is always formed between two dissimilar atoms. The atom which provides the electron pair for the formation of coordinate bond is called donor. The atom or ion sharing the donated electron pair is known as the acceptor. The coordinate bond is a directional bond. A coordinate bond has properties of both covalent and ionic bonds. Therefore, it is also called as co-ionic bond. Ammonium ion and hydronium ion have coordinate bonds. https://www.extramarks.com/study-material/icse-class-10/chemistry

5. Extramarks’ Approach • ICSE Class 10 Chemistry Syllabus will give the students the path to prepare for exams. The study materials will prove to be a good teaching resource for students. Learning Chemistry is viewed as a challenging challenge since a lot of calculations and formulas have to be learned in order to do well on this topic.ICSE Class 6 Chemistry Study Material on Extramarks should support students on their learning journey. Download the application now.

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