The Civil Rights Movement

1. The Civil Rights Movement 1954-1968

2. The Civil Rights Movement • In 1954 almost every area of Southern society had segregated facilities for blacks and whites. • The push for equality began after World War II as black soldiers who fought for democracy and black workers who helped bring victory.

3. A segregated facility in Dallas, Texas. Note the sign "Colored Waiting Room" at the top.

4. The Rex Theatre for Colored People

5. Plessy vs. Ferguson • Supreme Court ruled that separate facilities for blacks and whites were constitutional so long as the facilities were “equal” to those for whites. (Jim Crow)

6. Thurgood Marshall • 1930’s and 1940’ was an attorney for the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) • Office in back seat of car. • The first black to sit on the Supreme Court (appointed by Lyndon Johnson) • Served from 1967 until he retired in 1991.

7. Thurgood Marshall

8. Brown vs. Board of Education • 1954 • NAACP filed suit against the Board of Education in Topeka, KS. • The Board had denied Linda Brown admission to an all-white public elementary school near her home. • Marshall charged they had violated the “equal protection” clause of the 14th Amendment.

9. Educational separation in the US prior to Brown

10. The Supreme Court unanimously ruled public schools could not be separated by race. • In 1955 the Supreme Court ordered that integration of schools was to go forward “with all deliberate speed” • 10 years after Brown, only 1% of black students in the South attended school with white children.

11. George E.C. Hayes, Thurgood Marshall, and James Nabrit, congratulating each other, following Supreme Court decision declaring segregation unconstitutional

12. Emmett Till’s body

13. Southern Resistance • Segregation made progress in Washington D.C. and in many border states, but Southern states resisted. • Southern Manifesto – • March 1956, over 100 southern congressmen signed it. • Called for the reversal of Brown vs. Board • Felt it was unconstitutional.

14. Rosa Parks • 1955 she refused to give up her bus seat in Montgomery, Alabama. • She was arrested and jailed. • Provoked the Montgomery Bus Boycott. • 1 Year later the Supreme Court outlawed segregation on public transportation. • Called the “mother of the modern day civil rights movement.”

15. Rosa Parks arrested for refusing to give up her seat to a white man.

16. Rosa Parks sits in the front of a bus in Montgomery, Alabama, in 1956 after the U.S. Supreme Court ruled segregation illegal on the city's bus system. Behind Parks is Nicholas C. Chriss, a UPI reporter covering the event.

17. The No. 2857 bus which Rosa Parks was riding on before she was arrested is now a museum exhibit at the Henry Ford Museum.

18. Rosa Parks resided in Detroit until she died at the age of ninety-two on October 24, 2005

19. Black Power • The first use of the term "Black Power" was by Stokely Carmichael • On June 16, 1966, after the shooting of James Meredith during the March Against Fear, Carmichael said: • "This is the twenty-seventh time I have been arrested and I ain't going to jail no more! The only way we gonna stop them white men from whuppin' us is to take over. What we gonna start sayin' now is Black Power!"

20. Definition • Black Power • Called for black separatism • Emphasized racial pride and an interest in African American culture and heritage.

21. James Meredith walking to class accompanied by U.S. marshals

22. 1968 Olympic Black Power Salute. • In the middle is Tommie Smith. The gentleman on the right is John Carlos. This picture was taken at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City. • Peter Norman (left) wears an OPHR badge to show his support for the two Americans.

24. A statue honoring Carlos and Smith at San José State University

25. 3 Reason for Black Power • 1.) Questioned the strategy of non violent protest. • 2.) Some African Americans began to question the goal of integration. • 3.) Many African Americans were angry that the death of white volunteers generated more public concern than the death of black volunteers.

26. The Black Panther Party (originally called the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense)

27. Black Panthers • Led by Bobby Seale and Huey Newton • Advocated: • Self-defense groups to protect black community. • Exemption of blacks for military service • Reparation payments (slave labor) • Release all black prisoners • All black juries to try black defendants.

28. Black Panther Party founders Bobby Seale and Huey P. Newton standing in the street, armed with a Colt .45 and a shotgun.

29. Little Rock Nine: 1957 • 1957 Little Rock Central High School voted to integrate its all white high school. • Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus denied 9 black students enrollment. • Used the National Guard to keep the 9 students out

30. Faubus speaking to a crowd protesting the integration of Little Rock schools

31. Students wait beside Arkansas National Guard troops blocking their admission to Little Rock Central High.

32. A white student passes through an Arkansas National Guard line as Elizabeth Eckford is turned away.

33. Bottom row, left to right: Thelma Mothershed, Minnijean Brown, Elizabeth Eckford, Gloria Ray; Top row, left to right: Jefferson Thomas, Melba Pattillo, Terrence Roberts, Carlotta Walls, Daisy Bates (NAACP President), Ernest Green

34. President Eisenhower Quote: • He felt it was “just plain nuts” to force parents to send their children to an integrated school.

35. However, Governor Faubus's act was a direct challenge to the Presidents authority. • President Eisenhower was forced to send 10,000 troops to protect the students.

36. After being heckled by protesters, Elizabeth Eckford waits for a bus.

37. Members of the 101st US-Airborne Division escorting the Little Rock Nine to school

38. Students enter Little Rock Central High School under the protection of federal troops.

39. Troops from the 327th Regiment, 101st Airborne escorting the Little Rock Nine up the steps of Central High

40. Elizabeth Eckford is depicted in this photograph taken by Will Counts in 1957. It is one of the top 100 photographs of the 20th century, according to the Associated Press. Hazel Bryan Massery is the white girl seen yelling at Eckford as Eckford attempted to enter the school on her first day.

41. Hazel Bryan Massery shouts at Elizabeth Eckford as she walks to school in 1957.

42. Hazel Massery was depicted in an iconic photograph that showed her shouting at Elizabeth Eckford, one of the Little Rock Nine, during the integration crisis. In her later life, she would work with Eckford to further the goals of racial harmony. • In 1998, Massery told The Guardian, "I am not sure at that age what I thought, but probably I overheard that my father was opposed to integration.... But I don't think I was old enough to have any convictions of my own yet." Later in life she changed her mind; she had thought of Martin Luther King as a "trouble-maker", but realized "deep down in your soul, he was right". She took the initiative of contacting Eckford, leading to an "awkward" first meeting, but then a real friendship. • She appeared with Eckford and the rest of the Little Rock Nine on The Oprah Winfrey Show, and at the 40th Anniversary Celebration of integration at Central High. • "One of the fascinating stories to come out of the reunion was the apology that Hazel Bryan Massery made to Elizabeth Eckford for a terrible moment caught forever by the camera. That 40-year-old picture of hate assailing grace — which had gnawed at Ms. Massery for decades — can now be wiped clean, and replaced by a snapshot of two friends. The apology came from the real Hazel Bryan Massery, the decent woman who had been hidden all those years by a fleeting image.

43. “A Life Is More Than A Moment” • Will Counts photographed Eckford and her former tormenter, Hazel Bryan Massery (at left, in front of Little Rock's Central High School) at the 40th anniversary of the school desegregation effort. (1997)

44. Reporter Alex Wilson is kicked by a school integration protester after refusing to run from a mob near Little Rock Central High.

45. Alex Wilson is attacked as he walks away from Central High.

46. Central High School, 2007

47. President Bill Clinton led celebrations of the 40th anniversary of desegregation at Little Rock Central High School. • Voted one of the nation's best high schools!

48. Two Forms of Protest • 1.) Sit-ins • Challenged the practice of not serving African Americans in public places. • February 1960 4 black students sat down at a segregated lunch counter in local store in Greensboro, North Carolina. • By September 1961 – 70,000 students were using this tactic.

49. Four A&T College students, from left: Joseph McNeil, Franklin McCain, Billy Smith and Clarence Henderson, sit down at the all-white lunch counter of F.W. Woolworth Co. Feb. 2, 1960 in Greensboro, N.C.

50. David Richmond, Franklin McCain, Ezell Blair, Joseph McNeil, are seen leaving the Woolworth store on February 1, 1960.