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Biochemistry Lab

Biochemistry Lab. Dr. Grossoehme grossoehmen@winthrop.edu Lab Lecture: Monday 12:30-1:20 Sims 113C Lab Section: Wednesday 2-5 Sims 303 chem.winthrop.edu. Lab Introduction. Biochemistry is multidisciplinary by nature Organic Chemistry: chemical reactions drive biology. Fact.

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Biochemistry Lab

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  1. Biochemistry Lab Dr. Grossoehme grossoehmen@winthrop.edu Lab Lecture: Monday 12:30-1:20 Sims 113C Lab Section: Wednesday 2-5 Sims 303 chem.winthrop.edu

  2. Lab Introduction Biochemistry is multidisciplinary by nature Organic Chemistry: chemical reactions drive biology. Fact. Thermodynamics: why do proteins and DNA look like they do? why does O2 bind so tightly to myoglobin, but not to albumin? Inorganic Chemistry: why is Zn2+ readily found in the nucleus but not Fe2+? Microbiology: protein production factories Botany: Stay tuned…..

  3. Lab Introduction Once upon a time, the treacherous land of Gainesville, FL (home of Gatorade and one of the most hated college football programs of all time) housed a beautiful greenhouse filled with lovely plants from all over the world.

  4. Lab Introduction All was well in this greenhouse for many years until an evil man, driven by his hatred of said college football program, set out to destroy all the beautiful things associated with this institution. He discovered an ancient legend about a magical creature that caused plants to wither and die.

  5. Lab Introduction One fateful day, this evil man snuck into the greenhouse and released the mythical creature. When the scientists arrived the next morning, they were devastated to see all of their beautiful plants were dead! Before After

  6. Lab Introduction Upon isolating this magical creature, dedicated biochemists vowed to identify its source of power. After what seemed like years of hard work, these researchers finally demonstrated that this creature produced a very special protein called PectateLyasethat could destroy the protective coating that all plant cells use to protect their vital components.

  7. Cellular Enclosure • All organisms have a cell membrane – primary component of protection • All bacteria and plants have cell walls • Some bacteria have an Outer Membrane • These organisms have smaller cell walls and periplasmic spaces

  8. Cell Walls Are Carbohydrate Polymers Sugars are derivatives of aldehydes or ketones

  9. Saccharide Background Common name for a carbohydrate in biochemistry Emperical Formula: Cm(H2O)n The generic name indicates aldo- or keto- origin, carbon chain length and –ose Fisher Projections show linear form of a sugar

  10. Saccharide Background It is commonly more useful to visualize sugars as cyclic molecules Cyclization occurs through the formation of hemiacetals or hemiketals (Alcohols react with aldehydes or ketones to form hemiacetals or hemiketals)

  11. Saccharide Background The carbon in position 1 can exist in two different forms: a and b. “It’s always better to be up”

  12. Saccharide Background Polymerization of saccharides occurs through glycosidic bonds a

  13. Saccharide Background Modest differences in glycosidic linkage can have profound influences Starch – fuel source for humans Cellulose – not useful for humans

  14. Bacterial Cell Wall The bacterial cell wall is a peptidoglycan Building Block: b-N-acetylmuramic acid-(1,4)-N-acetylglucosamine (b-NAM-(1,4)-NAG)

  15. Bacterial Cell Wall In E. coli : Peptide alanine– diaminopimelic acid - glutamic acid - alanine Covalent crosslink between NAM-NAG polymers DAP

  16. Plant Cell Wall In plants: NO peptide! Building block is cellulose

  17. Plant Cell Wall In plants: NO peptide! Building block is cellulose Network of H-bonds stabilize the 3D structure

  18. Plant Cell Wall Cellulose polymers collapse into cellulose mibrofibrils which interact to form cellulose fibers

  19. Plant Cell Wall Pectin is used to ‘glue’ together the cellulose fibers Substrate of pectatelyase

  20. Plant Cell Wall Pectin is used to ‘glue’ together the cellulose fibers + Pectatelyase

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