Splash Screen

1. Splash Screen

2. Chapter Introduction Section 1:Nationalism in the Middle East Section 2:Nationalism in Africa and Asia Section 3:Revolutionary Chaos in China Section 4:Nationalism in Latin America Visual Summary Chapter Menu

3. How can nationalism affect a country? Mexican president Lázaro Cárdenas sparked an era of change with policies promoting land reforms and workers’ rights and limiting foreign investment—all goals of the Mexican Revolution. Known as the president who stood up to the United States, Cárdenas seized the property of foreign oil companies in Mexico. In this chapter you will learn how nationalist movements affected individual nations. • How did nationalism influence the historical path of the world’s nations? • How does patriotism influence the behavior of Americans today? Chapter Intro

4. Chapter Intro

5. Chapter Intro

6. Nationalism in the Middle East How did World War I change the Middle East? Chapter Intro 1

7. Nationalism in Africa and Asia How did many Africans react to colonial powers after World War I? Chapter Intro 2

8. Revolutionary Chaos in China What was the result of internal conflicts within the nationalist movements in China? Chapter Intro 3

9. Nationalism in Latin America How did worldwide economic conditions affect Latin America? Chapter Intro 4

10. Chapter Preview-End

11. The BIG Idea Self-DeterminationAfter World War I, the quest for national self-determination led to the creation of Turkey, Iran, and Saudi Arabia. In the same period, the Balfour Declaration supported the creation of a national Jewish homeland in Palestine. Section 1-Main Idea

12. Content Vocabulary • genocide • ethnic cleansing Academic Vocabulary • legislature • element Section 1-Key Terms

13. People and Places • Abdülhamīd II • T. E. Lawrence • Atatürk • Tehran • Reza Shah Pahlavi • Iran • Ibn Sa‘ūd • Saudi Arabia • Palestine Section 1-Key Terms

14. A B All powerful empires eventually come to an end. A. Agree B. Disagree Section 1-Polling Question

15. Decline and Fall of the Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire, which had been steadily declining since the late 1700s, finally ended after World War I. Section 1

16. Decline and Fall of the Ottoman Empire (cont.) • The Ottoman Empire began to decline in the 1800s, with Greece winning its independence. • Many ethnic Turks wanted a Turkish state that would encompass all people of Turkish nationality. A group called Young Turks wanted to depose Abdülhamīd II. Section 1

17. Decline and Fall of the Ottoman Empire (cont.) • With the help of T.E. Lawrence and Great Britain, Arabia achieved its independence from Ottoman rule. • When the Christian Armenians began pushing for independence, the Ottoman government responded by killing Armenian men and expelling women and children from the empire. Middle East, 1919–1935 Section 1

18. Decline and Fall of the Ottoman Empire (cont.) • The Ottoman Turks led a policy of ethnic cleansing,orgenocide, against the Christian Armenians, killing an estimated 1 million people. • The Ottoman Empire collapsed toward the end of World War I. Great Britain and France made plans to divide the Ottoman territories in the Middle East. Section 1

19. Decline and Fall of the Ottoman Empire (cont.) • Turkey remained under Ottoman control until Mustafa Kemal organized an elected government and a new Republic of Turkey. Section 1

20. A B C D Against which of the following groups did the Ottoman Turks adopt a policy of genocide? A.Russians B.Armenians C.Muslims D.Jews Section 1

21. Middle East Changes Turkey’s president Kemal changed the political system and the Turkish culture to create a modern state, while government and economic reforms changed Persia into the modern country of Iran. Section 1

22. Middle East Changes (cont.) • President Kemal, known as Atatürk, tried to modernize Turkey and implemented a democratic system. • Atatürk eliminated many Arab elements from Turkish culture in exchange for more Western customs. • The Turkish language was now written in the Roman alphabet. • Citizens had to adopt last names. Section 1

23. Middle East Changes (cont.) • The caliphate was abolished as Turkish society became more secular. • Muslim men were forbidden to wear the fez and Muslim women were forbidden to wear the veil. • All citizens were given the right to convert to any religion. Section 1

24. Middle East Changes (cont.) • Persian nationalists opposed to a foreign presence in Persia led a revolt and seized control of Tehran. • In 1925 Reza Khan, leader of the nationalists, declared himself shah and became known as Reza ShahPahlavi. • Reza Shah Pahlavi followed Atatürk’s example and introduced reforms to modernize the government, military, and economic system, but he did not attempt to destroy the Islamic religion. Section 1

25. Middle East Changes (cont.) • In 1935 Persia became the modern state of Iran. • After the Arabs broke free from Ottoman control, a single Arab nation was not created. Instead, Great Britain and France divided the Ottoman Empire and ruled its parts as mandates. Section 1

26. Middle East Changes (cont.) • The Europeans determined the nations’ borders and divided the peoples. The people did not have a strong identification with their designated country, and a sense of Arab nationalism remained. • Reform leader Ibn Sa‘ūd united Arabs in the northern part of the Arabian Peninsula and established the kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932. Section 1

27. Middle East Changes (cont.) • Western oil companies made Saudi Arabia wealthy after the Standard Oil Company struck oil on the Persian Gulf. • Nationalism caused tensions between Jews and Muslim Arabs in Palestine. • Palestine was home to the Jews in antiquity until they were forced into exile in the first century A.D. Muslim Arabs replaced the Jews and made up 80% of the region’s population. Section 1

28. Middle East Changes (cont.) • A Zionist movement encouraged Jews to return to Palestine to establish a Jewish state. • During World War I, Great Britain issued the Balfour Declaration, which supported a Jewish homeland in Palestine, but it also added that this goal should not undermine the rights of the non-Jewish peoples living there. Section 1

29. Middle East Changes (cont.) • In 1933 Hitler’s policies led many Jews to seek refuge in Palestine, which resulted in violence between Jewish and Muslim inhabitants. • In 1939 the British tried to end the violence by declaring that only 75,000 Jewish people would be allowed to immigrate to Palestine over the next five years. This resulted in deeper tensions and more bloodshed. Section 1

30. A B C D Which modern-day country did Persia become? A.Turkey B.Iran C.Saudi-Arabia D.Palestine Section 1

31. Section 1-End

32. The BIG Idea Self-DeterminationNationalism led the people of Africa and Asia to seek independence. Section 2-Main Idea

33. Content Vocabulary • Pan-Africanism • civil disobedience • zaibatsu Academic Vocabulary • volunteer • compensation Section 2-Key Terms

34. People and Places • Kenya • W.E.B. Du Bois • Marcus Garvey • Ho Chi Minh • Mohandas Gandhi • Mahatma • Jawaharlal Nehru • Manchuria Section 2-Key Terms

35. A B Do you think the exploitations of colonization still affect Africa, Asia, and India today? A. Yes B. No Section 2-Polling Question

36. African Independence Movements After World War I, many Africans organized to end colonial rule in their countries. Section 2

37. African Independence Movements (cont.) • Opposition to colonial rule escalated and Africans became more politically active after World War I. • In Nigeria, resistance was started by the king of Lagos and the educated Africans who wanted a democratic government. • In Kenya, the British colonial government took land from the black Africans and gave it to white settlers. Africa, 1919–1939 Section 2

38. African Independence Movements (cont.) • Libya used guerrilla warfare against the Italians to gain more freedoms. • W.E.B. Du Bois, an African American, led a movement to make all Africans aware of their heritage. • Marcus Garvey, a Jamaican living in Harlem, wanted to unite all Africans under a movement called Pan-Africanism. Section 2

39. African Independence Movements (cont.) • Jomo Kenyatta was educated in Great Britain and argued that colonial rule was destroying the traditional cultures of the peoples of Africa. • Léopold Senghor was educated in France, wrote poetry about African culture, and organized an independence movement in Senegal. Section 2

40. African Independence Movements (cont.) • Nnamdi Azikiwe of Nigeria started a newspaper that urged nonviolence as a method to gain independence. Section 2

41. A B C D What did African leaders who wanted to become independent of colonial rule have in common? A.They fought in World War I. B.They were educated abroad. C.They spoke English. D.They were philosophers. Section 2

42. Revolution in Asia In the 1920s, the Comintern helped to spread communism throughout Asia. Section 2

43. Revolution in Asia (cont.) • By the end of 1920, almost every colonial society in Asia had a Communist Party. • Lenin and the Bolsheviks proved that a revolutionary Marxist party could overturn an outdated system even in the mostly agricultural nations of Asia. • Agents were trained in Moscow and returned to their own countries to form Marxist parties. Section 2

44. Revolution in Asia (cont.) • Ho Chi Minh trained in Moscow and returned to French Indochina to organize the Vietnamese Communists. • In China, the Communist party worked together with the Nationalist Party to fight against foreign control. • Most of the Communist parties in the 1930s failed to gain support among the majority of the population. Section 2

45. A B C D What was the Comintern? A.A worldwide organization of Communist parties B.A Communist revolution C.A Communist newspaper D.A secret Communist police force Section 2

46. Indian Independence Mohandas Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru led India’s independence movement. Section 2

47. Indian Independence (cont.) • Even before World War I, Mohandas Gandhi was active in the Indian independence movement. The Indian people called himMahatma, or India’s “Great Soul.” • Gandhi organized mass protests against British law using methods of civildisobedience. Section 2

48. Indian Independence (cont.) • In 1935 Britain passed the Government of India Act, which created a two-house parliament and granted the right to vote to five million Indians. Two-thirds of the parliament’s Indian members were to be elected. • The Indian National Congress (INC) originally fought for reforms but later pushed for full independence. Section 2

49. Indian Independence (cont.) • Gandhi began a nonviolent campaign against British laws by encouraging Indians to: • Not pay their taxes • Not send their children to English-supported schools • Make their own cloth • Harvest their own salt • Boycott British-made goods Section 2

50. Indian Independence (cont.) • The Indian independence movement became divided and split into two paths: • One group identified with Gandhi, religion, and tradition. • The other group identified with Jawaharlal Nehruand his secular, Western, and modern approach. • Another division began to separate India when Muslims became dissatisfied with the Hindu-dominated INC and created the Muslim League. Section 2