Transport II

1. Transport II

2. Blood Fats • Blood Fats • Cholesterol • a soft, waxy substance present in all parts of the body made by the body and obtained from animal products in the diet.

3. Cholesterol and other fats can't dissolve in the blood. They have to be transported to and from the cells by special carriers called lipoproteins. • There are several kinds, but the ones to focus on are low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL).

4. Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL) • Low-density lipoprotein is the major cholesterol carrier in the blood. If too much LDL cholesterol circulates in the blood, it can slowly build up in the walls of the arteries feeding the heart and brain. • Bad cholesterol Protein, fat and cholesterol ball

5. High Density Lipoproteins (HDL) • About one-third to one-fourth of blood cholesterol is carried by HDL. • Some medical experts believe that HDL’s can bind to LDL’s and carry cholesterol away from the arteries back to the liver, where it's passed from the body. • Good cholesterol

6. Cholesterol Makes up structure of cell membranes Production of hormones lining of myelin sheath (nerve tissue) Cholesterol is essential for life: Does the cholesterol in your blood come from the cholesterol you eat? • Yes and no. Unfortunately, we have a cholesterol “thermostat” that is genetic. We can make cholesterol from other fats, even if we don’t get it from the animal products that we eat.

7. Who is at risk for High Cholesterol • 25% of Americans Risk factors •Obesity •Leading a sedentary lifestyle •Smoking •Consuming a high cholesterol, high fat diet •Hereditary factors • What should blood cholesterol levels be? • Good = <180 • Moderate risk = When 180-200 • High risk = anything over 200

8. Can it be dangerous to lower your cholesterol too much?YES • Serotonin levels (depression) • Membrane make up • Hormone production (sex) • Nerve coverings

9. What do LDL’s do? (Lousy) • Carries fats to the cells, about 60-70% of fats around body, if extra – build up on arteries What do HDL’s do? (Helpful) transports cholesterol from cells back to the liver where they are either reused or converted to bile acids and disposed

10. Who should worry about blood fat levels? People at risk or who have high blood pressure or high cholesterol levels • Everyone should have a ratio of cholesterol that is cholesterol:HDL 5: 1 • Average male HDL = 45 • Average female HDL = 65 prior menopause; 45 after

11. Examples Cholesterol HDL Ratio 225 45 5:1 225 25 9:1 225 75 3:1 Good Not good Good How to raise HDL and lower LDL’s Lower LDL – eating right, herbs, lifestyle change, and medication Raise HDL – foods, drugs, lifestyle changes (exercise, eating patterns) reduce alcohol intake

12. Fats in our Diet! A. Saturated fat • Fatty Acid chains saturated with hydrogen • Animal fat, processed and fast foods • Solid at room temper (butter, lard) • Block entry of cholesterol into cells and triggers more LDL production (raises LDL and cholesterol level)

13. B. Polyunsaturated fat • Fatty acid chain not filled with hydrogens • Fats in liquid form at room temperature • Ex. Corn, sunflower, safflower, and fatty fish like lake trout • lower both HDL and LDL’s Polyunsaturated fats that are rich in omega-3 essential fatty acids are healthy for your heart. • Good food sources include fl ax and pumpkin seeds, walnuts or fatty fish. • The American Heart Association recommends eating fish (particularly fatty fish) at least two times

14. C. Monounsaturated fat • Best fats • Fats in liquid form • Ex. Canola oil, and peanut oil (lowers LDL’s without lowering HDL’s) A diet low in saturated fats and cholesterol where most of these fats have been replaced with monounsaturated fats is good for your heart.

15. D. Trans fat • Vegetable oils converted to be a solid at room temperature • Changes chemical structure of saturated fats by adding hydrogens (hydrogenated), increasing shelf life Trans fats are found in many processed foods, and other foods made with or fried in partially hydrogenated oils. •

16. A small amount of trans fat is found naturally, primarily in dairy products, some meat, and other animal-based foods. • Trans fats are in vegetable shortenings, some margarines, crackers, cookies, snack foods, and other foods made with or fried in partially hydrogenated oils • Raises LDL’s and lowers HDL’s

17. Saturated fats stimulate the liver to make more cholesterol • Unsaturated fats stimulates the liver to make less cholesterol

18. Dietary Recommendations • Less than 30 % of your calories from fat • No trans fats • More monounsaturated (like olive oil) and less saturated (like animal fat and butter)

20. Problems with Heart I. Heart attack • A heart attack (also known as a myocardial infarction) is the death of heart muscle from the sudden blockage of a coronary artery by a blood clot

21. II. Heart attack risk factors • Increase in age, Smoking, gender, heredity, high blood pressure or cholesterol, physical inactivity, obesity, diabetes, stress and too much alcohol • Animation: http://www.healthcentral.com/cholesterol/understanding-cholesterol-13-115.html • http://www.mydr.com.au/default.asp?article=4166

22. III. Rheumatic fever (bacterial infection usually from strep leads to this) • Inflammatory disease that can affect heart (damaged heart valves) Deaths due to circulatory system • In 1996, the age-standardized mortality rate due to all other diseases of the circulatory system was 61 deaths per 100,000 population.

23. Blood Terminology • Blood Antigens are – A, or B, proteins on cells. • Blood Antibodies – anti- A or anti-B proteins in blood. • Agglutination is - when blood clumps due to antibody cross-linking. Problem: I.

24. Blood Type

26. Rh factor a. Rh+has protein b. Rh- Lacks protein c. Putting Rh+ into Rh- mother produces antibodies that attack the fetus' red blood cells because of Rh incompatibility d. Putting Rh- into Rh+ Nothing

27. Universal donor = Type O blood • Universal recipient = Type AB blood I. Erythroblastosis fetalis • Rh incompatability