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Computer Graphics: An Overview of Key Concepts and Applications

Explore the world of computer graphics with this comprehensive introduction covering definitions, history, components, and applications in various fields like design, entertainment, education, and virtual reality.

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Computer Graphics: An Overview of Key Concepts and Applications

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  1. University of Bakht El-rudaFaculty of Science Computer Science –Department5th- Year Computer Graphics Introduction to Computer Graphics Part-1 DiaEldein Mustafa Ahmed 2018

  2. Overview • Computer Graphics (Definition , Applications) • Computer Graphics History (Timelines) • Graphics Systems • Graphics Standards • Graphics Hardware (I/O , GPUs) Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018

  3. What is Computer Graphics? • Computer Graphics is a sub field of computer scienceconcerned with thecreation , manipulation, Storage , display of geometric objects (modelling) and their images (rendering) or simply “Producing pictures or images using a computer “ • Computer Graphics=Mathematics+ Computer Science +Art • Rendering of images on a device. • Rendering - creating images from models. Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018

  4. What is Computer Graphics? • Models = objects constructed from geometric primitives (points, lines, polygons) specified by their vertices. • models exist in n-dimensional 'mathematically pure' space. • Computer graphics it differs from image processing in that the emphasis is onimage generation , image analysis , enhancement , color correction, scaling, blurring, sharpening , etc. Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) DiaaEldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018

  5. What is Computer Graphics? • Modern graphics API's include • OpenGL, Direct3D, Java3D,Matlab, and others. • Our programming environment will include • Visual C++, OpenGL, and GLUT (system-independent interface to OpenGL) on a workstation or laptop computer running Windows, Linux, or OS X. • Graphics lends itself well to object-oriented programming, but since OpenGL is not object oriented, and we do not want to hide low level details, procedural code is preferred. Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018

  6. Components of Computer Graphics • Modeling • Representing 3D objects. • Defining objects in terms of primitives, coordinates and characteristics. • Representing complex surfaces & patterns • e.g. car, human, plants. Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018

  7. Components of Computer Graphics • Rendering • Constructing 2D images from 3D models. • Applying physically based procedures to generate (photorealistic) images from scenes (using lighting and shading). • Simulate the way light sources interact with these surfaces, color, pattern. Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) DiaaEldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018

  8. Components of Computer Graphics • Animation • Simulating changes over time. • Simulates the way object move and interact. • (movement) describing how objects change in time. • Storing • Storing scenes and images in memory and on disk. • Imaging • Representing 2D images Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018

  9. Components of Computer Graphics • Manipulating: • Changing the shape , position and characteristics of objects. • Viewing: • Displaying images from various viewpoints on various devices. • Texture mapping : • Is a method of adding realism to a computer-generated graphic. • When a picture is mapped onto an object, the correspondence between the picture's pixels and points on the object's surface is calculated. Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) DiaaEldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018

  10. Relevant Disciplines • Analytic Geometry • Art and Graphic Design • Cognitive Science • Computer Engineering • Engineering Design • Education • Film • Human Factors • Linear Algebra • Numerical Analysis Rendering Hardware VR Systems Portable/Embedded CG CAD CAE / CASE CAM Immersive Training Tutoring Interfaces Color/Optical Models CG/Vision Duality Interface Design Computer Graphics (CG) Layout CG Design Visualization Parametric Equations Conics Polygon Rendering Surface Modeling Physically-Based Modeling Stat/Info Visualization Transformations Change of Coordinate Systems User Modeling Ergonomic Interfaces, I/O Animation Large-Scale CG Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018

  11. Computer Graphics Applications • Graphical User Interfaces(GUI) • Computer Aided Design (CAD) • Presentation Graphics and Display of Information • Computer Art • Entertainment (Movies ,Animation, Games, Films , …) • Photorealism (PR) ( Realism in Behaviour ) • Nonphotorealisim (NPR)) • Education & Training • Visualization (scientific & business) • Image Processing • Medical & Virtual Surgery • Computer-Assisted Surgery • Room Layout Design and Architectural Simulations • Virtual Reality • Data Visualization Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) DiaaEldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018

  12. 1.Graphical User Interfaces (GUI) • Major component – Window manager (multiple-window areas) • To make a particular window active, click in that window (using an interactive pointing device) • Interfaces display – menus & icons • Icons – graphical symbol designed to look like the processing option it represents • Advantages of icons – less screen space, easily understood • Menus contain lists of textual descriptions & icons Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018

  13. 1.Graphical User Interfaces(GUI) Cont. • Typical Components used are • Menus • Icons • Cursors • Dialogue Boxes • Scroll Bars • Buttons • Valuators • Sketching • 3D-interface Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018

  14. 1.Graphical User Interfaces(GUI) Cont. B205 Control Console (1960) Modern Computer with O.S. had a more modern “console” such as CLI (Windows ,Unix ,… Early Computers :There is no interface other than the hardware itself Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018

  15. 1.Graphical User Interfaces(GUI) Cont. Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018

  16. 1.Graphical User Interfaces(GUI)Cont. Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018

  17. 2- Computer Aided Design (CAD) Cont. • Graphics for Engineering and Architectural System. • Design of Building, Automobile, Aircraft, Machine etc. AutoCAD 2014 ARCH/CAD- Interior Design Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018

  18. 2- Computer Aided Design (CAD) Cont. Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018

  19. 2- Computer Aided Design (CAD) Cont. Lighting and Layout Design Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018

  20. 2- Computer Aided Design (CAD) Cont. • Used in design of buildings, automobiles, aircraft, watercraft, spacecraft, computers, textiles & many other products • Objects are displayed in wire frame outline form • Software packages provide multi-window environment Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018

  21. 2- Computer Aided Design (CAD) Cont.CAD/CAM • Computer Aided Munufactural Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018

  22. Graphics design package provides standard shapes (useful for repeated placements). Animations are also used in CAD applications. Realistic displays of architectural design permits simulated “walk” through the rooms (virtual -reality systems). 2- Computer Aided Design (CAD) Cont. Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018

  23. 3- Presentation Graphics • Used to produce illustrations for reports or generate slides for use with projectors • Commonly used to summarize financial, statistical, mathematical, scientific, economic data for research reports, managerial reports & customer information bulletins • Examples : Bar charts, line graphs, pie charts, surface graphs, time chart Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018

  24. 3- Presentation Graphics Cont.Examples of presentation graphics Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018

  25. 3- Presentation Graphics Cont.Examples of presentation graphics Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018

  26. 3- Presentation Graphics Cont.Examples of presentation graphics Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018

  27. 3- Presentation Graphics Cont. Display of Information • Graphics for Scientific, Engineering, and Medical Data Nebula is an interstellar cloud of dust, hydrogen, helium and other ionized gases. Medical Image Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) DiaaEldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018

  28. 4- Computer Art • Used In Fine Art & Commercial Art • Includes artist’s paint brush programs, paint packages, CAD packages and animation packages • These packages provides facilities for designing object shapes & specifying object motions. • Examples : Cartoon Drawing, Paintings, Product Advertisements, Logo Design Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) DiaaEldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018

  29. 4- Computer Art Cont. Examples : Paintings Product Advertisements Cartoon Drawing Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) DiaaEldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018

  30. 4- Computer Art Cont. • Electronic painting • Picture painted electronically on a graphics tablet (digitizer) using a stylus. • Cordless, pressure sensitive stylus. • Morphing • A graphics method in which one object is transformed into another. • Morphing is a special effect in motion pictures and animations that changes (or morphs) one image or shape into another through a seamless transition. • Most often it is used to depict one person turning into another through technological means or as part of a fantasy or surreal sequence. Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) DiaaEldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018

  31. 4- Computer Art Cont.Morphing Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) DiaaEldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018

  32. 4- Computer Art Cont.Morphing Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018

  33. 5- Entertainment • Movie Industry • Used in motion pictures, music videos, and television shows. • Used in making of cartoon animation films. Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) DiaaEldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018

  34. 5- EntertainmentCont.Movies Termination Titanic Shrek Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) DiaaEldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018

  35. 5- EntertainmentCont. Movies Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) DiaaEldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018

  36. 5- EntertainmentCont. Computer Animation Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) DiaaEldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018

  37. 5- EntertainmentCont. Aiding Traditional Animation Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) DiaaEldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018

  38. 5- Entertainment Cont.Movies Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) DiaaEldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018

  39. 5- Entertainment Cont. (Films and Games ) • Game Industry • Focus on interactivity • Cost effective solutions • Avoiding computations and other tricks Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) DiaaEldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018

  40. 6- Photorealism (PR) • Realism in Behavior Motion capture (mocap) • sample positions and orientations of markers on actors over time • map these motions to a computer model • usually better than keyframed animations – extremely realistic • Andy Serkis is mocap specialist, e.g., Gollum Image 1 - avatarblog.typepad.com http://archive.wired.com/geekdad/2012/12/andy-serkis/ Image 2 - fxguide.com Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) DiaaEldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018

  41. bilawalsheikh333.blogspot.com Computer Graphics (BSCS)-6A Fall 2013, BU Islamabad Photorealistic Fantasy Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018

  42. 6- Photorealism (PR) Rendering Realism Morning Evening Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) DiaaEldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018

  43. 6- Photorealism (PR) Rendering Realism Real Synthetic Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) DiaaEldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018

  44. 6-Photorealism (PR) Realism in Rendering cont’d • BSSRDF • bidirectional surface scattering distribution function • Accounts for when light enters and leaves a material in different places • Developed by Henrik Jensen 2001 Skim milk, whole milk, and diffuse milk (diffuse milk looks more like paint!) BRDF vs BSSRDF rendering http://graphics.ucsd.edu/~henrik/images/subsurf.html Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) DiaaEldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018

  45. 6- Photorealism (PR) Is this real? Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) DiaaEldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018

  46. 6- Photorealism (PR) Humans Jensen et al. Final Fantasy (Sony) Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) DiaaEldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018

  47. 7- Non-photorealistic Rendering (NPR) • Non-photorealistic rendering (NPR) is an area of computer graphics that focuses on enabling a wide variety of expressive styles for digital art. • In contrast to traditional • computer graphics, which has • focused on photorealism, NPR • is inspired by artistic styles • such as painting, drawing, • technical illustration, and animated cartoons. “Final Fantasy ” Square 2001 Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) DiaaEldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018

  48. Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018

  49. 8- Education & Training • Computer generated models of physical, financialand economic systems are used as educational aids. • Models of physical systems, physiological systems, population trends, or equipment such as color-coded diagram help trainees to understand the operation of the system. Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018

  50. 8- Education & Training Cont. • Specialized Systems Used For Training Applications • Simulators for practice sessions or training of ship captains • Aircraft pilots • Heavy equipment operators • Air traffic-control personnel Computer Graphics - Chapter (1) Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed-2018

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