Anglo-Sikh War (1845-1846)

1. Sikh Kingdom was expanded and consolidated by Ranjith Singh during 19th cent.British also advanced the borders of Punjab. • Renjith Singh maintained a varied friendship with British and gave some territories south of Satluj river. • In the same time Ranjith increased the military forces and waged war with Afghans made British Angry. Anglo-Sikh War (1845-1846)

2. He included Americans, Europeans, Hindus and Muslims to train his artillery and military. • The disunity among Afghans made Ranjith to capture Peshwar, Multan and incorporated J& K into his Kingdom. • Emir Dost Mohammad Khan with British tried to replace Shuja Shah, the ruler of Durrani Empire/Emir of Afghanistan. • In this attempt, Sikh supported Shuja Shah and made a massacre of Elphinstone Army and Bengal Army. • And so they left Afghan to capture it.

5. Events • Ranjit Singh died in 1839. • his kingdom began into disorder. Ranjit's unpopular legitimate son, Kharak Singh, was removed from power within a few months, and later died in prison under mysterious circumstances. • It was widely believed that he was poisoned. He was replaced by his able but estranged son Kanwar Nau Nihal Singh, who also died within a few months in suspicious circumstances.

6. after being injured by a falling archway at the Lahore Fort while returning from his father's cremation. • two major groups within the Punjab for power : the Sikh Sindhanwalias and the Hindu Dogras. • Originally high caste Hindus from outside the Punjab, both had converted to Sikhism in 1818. • The Dogras succeeded in raising Sher Singh, the eldest illegitimate son of Ranjit Singh, to the throne in January 1841. • The most prominent Sindhanwalias took refuge on British territory, but many took place in the Army of the Punjab.

7. When the army was increased in Punjab, all groups wanted to reestablish the dream of Guru Gobind Singhand revolted against the centre. • In September 1843, Maharajah Sher Singh was unable to meet the pay demands of the army, was murdered by his cousin, an officer of the army, Ajit Singh Sindhanwalia. • The Dogras took their revenge on those responsible. Jind Kaur, Ranjit Singh's youngest widow, became regent for her infant son Duleep Singh. • Jind Kaur's brother Jawahar Singh became vizier in December 1844.

8. In 1845 he arranged the assassination of Peshaura Singh, who presented a threat to Duleep Singh. • Jind Kaur publicly vowed revenge against her brother's murderers. • She remained regent. Lal Singh became vizier, and Tej Singh became commander of the army. • Sikh historians have stressed that both these men were prominent in the Dogra group. • the British East India Company had begun increasing its military strength. • they conquered and annexed Sindh, the Punjab without strong leadership.

9. Raja Lal Singh, who led Sikh forces against the British during the First Anglo-Sikh War, 1846

10. The Sikh Army was led by General Raja Lal Singh and Tej Singh, but Lal Singh betrayed the Sikhs during the course of the war and was regularly supplying information and even receiving instructions from British officers. • In response to the British move, the Sikh army began crossing the Sutlej on 11 December 1845. Although the leaders and principal units of the army were Sikhs, there were also Punjabi, Pakhtun and Kashmiri infantry units. • The artillery consisted mainly of units of heavy guns, which had been organised and trained by European mercenaries.

11. One Sikh army under Tej Singh advanced towards Ferozepur but could not stand before British. • Another force under Lal Singh clashed with Gough's and Hardinge's, British officers, advancing forces at the Battle of Mudki on 18 December. • British attacked at daylight left and drove out Sikh. • The British and Bengal Army units rallied on the next day from the rest of their fortifications. • Lal Singh had made no effort to stop them. • Tej Singh's army appeared, but Tej Singh withdrew. • Indirectly they increased the army within few days with the help of Rani, the Regent.

12. Sikh cavalry attacked Smith but Smith received reinforcements and at the Battle of Aliwal on 28 January 1846, he won a model victory, eliminating the Sikh bridgehead quarter.

13. Gough's joined with Smith's division, they attacked the main Sikh bridgehead at Sobraon on 10 February. • Tej Singh left the Sikh army early in the battle. • The bridges behind the Sikhs broke under British artillery fire. • The Sikh army was trapped. • None of them surrendered, and the British troops showed little mercy. • This defeat effectively broke the Sikh army.

14. Result • In the Treaty of Lahore on 9 March 1846, the Sikhs were made to surrender the valuable region (the Jullundur Doab) between the Beas River and Sutlej River. • The Lahore Durbar was also required to pay an indemnity of 15 million rupees. • hill countries situated between the Rivers Beas and Indus to the East India Company. • The Treaty of Amritsar, the Raja of Jammu, Gulab Singh, purchased Kashmir from the East India Company for a payment of 7.5 million rupees and was granted the title Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir

15. Maharaja Duleep Singh remained ruler of the Punjab and at first his mother, Maharani Jindan Kaur, remained as Regent. • However, the Durbar later requested that the British presence remain until the Maharaja attained the age of 16. • The British consented to this and on 16 December 1846, the Treaty of Bhyroval provided for the Maharani to be awarded a pension of 150,000 rupees. • be replaced by a British resident in Lahore

16. Victory over the Sikh and captured Sikh guns

17. Battle of FerozeshahBattle of Aliwal

18. Results • The Treaty of Mangalore was concluded on May 11, 1784. • All the captured placed were restored.

19. Tippu Sultan • A linguistic • Mysore Tiger • Shows condolence to French Revolution • Missile technology first introduced in India • Fithul Mujahiddin-Tippu`s book, description of rockets. • It is better to be a lion for a day than a sheep all your life-TIPPU

20. Third Anglo-Mysore war (1790-1792) Causes…… • A mutual distrust developed b/w Eng & Tippu • English made alliance with Nizam & Marathas • Tippu got a support of French at Mahe • In 1789, He attacked Travancore (Dharma Raja), an ally of British, Cornwallis declared war on Tippu in 1790.

21. Events • Tippu defeated the British forces under General Meadows in 1790. • Cornwallis himself took the command of the English forces and captured Bangalore. • The Marathas joined with the English and destroyed Mysore territory. • In 1792, Carnwallis besieged Srirangapattinam, the capital of Tippu. • Tippu sued for peace.

22. Carnwallis (1786-1795) • He signed the Srirangapattinam treaty with Tippu in 1792. • 1793-Permanent Land Revenue System • Father of Indian Civil Service-Surendra Nath Banerji was the first Indian-1863. • Indian Police Service came into existence. • Indian Civil and Criminal Courts introduced. • Revenue and Justice were separated.

23. Result • The Treaty of Srirangapattinam was signed in 1792. • Tippu had to offer half of his kingdom to the British especially Malabar. • He had to pay a huge war indemnity of 3½ Cr which was shared b/w B, M & N. • His 2 sons were surrended as hostages to the British.

24. Fourth Anglo-Mysore war (1799) Causes • Tippu could not digest the humiliation-III AM W • He wanted to take revenge on the English • He refused to accept the Subsidiary Aliance which the English tried to force on him. • Tippu secretly tried to get help from Kabul,Arabia and the French. • When Wellesley came to know all these, he declared war on Tippu in 1799.

25. Events • 3 combined army were sent against Tippu. • Army from Bombay came under G.Stuart, Madras under Harris and Arthur Wellesley where Tippu had to defeat. • Wellesley besieged Srirangapattinam in 1799. • Finally Tippu died in his fighting, as a courageous, true soldier.

26. Result • With the end of Tippu, English conquered his most dangerous enemies. • The English annexed Mysore, Coimbatore. • Central part of Mysore was restored to a hindu ruler prince Krishna.

27. Lord Wellasley (Mornington)-1798-1805 • Akbar of British India. • 1798-Subsidary Alliance. (Hyderabad first) • Partially implimented-divide and rule policy • 1799-sensorship of press act. • IV-Mysore war time Governor • 1802-Human infanticide banned • Madras province formed • Tiger of Bengal pronounced by himself • 1800-Fort William College-Kolkatta • Arthur Wellasley1799-IV Mysore war, 1805-Palazhi Raja, 1815-Waterloo war with Napolean