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Chapter 5

Chapter 5. Individual Differences. Self-Concept. Your understanding of yourself Cognitions – thoughts Self esteem, self efficacy, & self monitoring. Esteem – Efficacy Distinction. Self esteem – overall evaluation of self Self efficacy – belief in your ability to do something specific.

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Chapter 5

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  1. Chapter 5 Individual Differences

  2. Self-Concept • Your understanding of yourself • Cognitions – thoughts • Self esteem, self efficacy, & self monitoring

  3. Esteem – Efficacy Distinction • Self esteem – overall evaluation of self • Self efficacy – belief in your ability to do something specific

  4. Be active—select best • opportunities • Manage the situation— • avoid or neutralize • obstacles • Set goals—establish • standards • Plan, prepare, practice • Try hard: persevere • Creatively solve • problems • Learn from setbacks • Visualize success • Limit Stress Effects of High Self-Efficacy Sources of Self-Efficacy Beliefs Feedback Behavioral Patterns Results Prior Experience Success High “I know I can do this job” Behavior Models Self-efficacy beliefs Persuasion from Others Assessment of physical/ emotional state 5-4

  5. Effects of Low Self-Efficacy Results Sources of Self-Efficacy Beliefs Feedback Behavioral Patterns • Be passive • Avoid difficult tasks • Develop weak • aspirations and low • commitment • Focus on personal • deficiencies • Don’t even try—make • a weak effort • Quit or become • discouraged because • of setbacks • Blame setbacks on • lack of ability or bad • luck • Worry, experience • stress, become • depressed • Think of excuses for • failing Prior Experience Self-efficacy beliefs Behavior Models Failure Persuasion from Others Low “I don’t think I can get the job done” Assessment of physical/ emotional state 5-5

  6. Self Monitoring • Extent to which one is aware of their own self-expressive behavior & changes it for their audience • Self monitoring related to career success, promotions, getting a mentor • Too high or too low – both problematic

  7. Personality • Enduring characteristics that influence how you think, feel, and behave. • Unique nature of a person • Personality impacts behavior • How resources are managed

  8. Big Five Personality Traits

  9. Extraversion • Tendency to experience positive emotions, moods, and feelings • Extraverts – outgoing, talkative, sociable • Introverts – less interested in social interactions, shy

  10. Emotional Stability • Tendency to experience negative emotions, moods, and be critical of oneself. • Unstable • Feel angry, dissatisfied, nervous, neurotic • Stable • Less pessimistic and critical, stable, confident

  11. Agreeableness • Tendency to get along well with others • High agreeableness • Likable, caring, pleasant to be around, warm • Low Agreeableness • Distrustful, uncooperative, antagonistic, independent, cold, rude

  12. Conscientiousness • Tendency to be careful & scrupulous • High Conscientiousness • Organized, self-disciplined, on time • Low Conscientiousness • Spontaneous, fun-loving, experimental

  13. Openness to Experience • Tendency to be original, have broad interests, take risks • High Openness • Take risks, be innovative, curious • Low Openness • Conservative, practical, unimaginative

  14. More about personality • Proactive personality • Unconstrained by the situation • Effects environmental change • Internal/external locus of control • Personality testing in selection (2 main problems) • Adverse impact • Easy to fake

  15. Contributors to Performance Ability Effort Performance Skill 5-15

  16. Abilities (Intelligence) and Performance • Ability – broad and stable characteristic responsible for maximum performance on mental and physical tasks • Skill – Specific capacity to manipulate physical objects

  17. Sleep and Abilities • Not enough sleep leads to: • Less effective decision making, more stress, not as healthy, don’t learn as well • 24 hours awake is equal to blood alcohol level of 0.1. • 20 minute nap between 1PM & 3PM

  18. Intelligence • Capacity for constructive thinking, reasoning, and problem solving • Genetically predetermined & environmentally influenced • Spearman’s model • General mental ability (needed for all tasks) • Task specific ability • Intelligence-related predictors of job performance: • Numerical ability • Spatial ability • Inductive reasoning

  19. Positive and Negative Emotions Positive Emotions (goal congruent) Anger Happiness /Joy Fright/ anxiety Pride Guilt/ shame Love/ affection Sadness Envy/ jealousy Negative Emotions (goal incongruent) Relief Disgust 5-19

  20. Emotional Intelligence • Self-Awareness • Self-Management • Social Awareness • Relationship Management

  21. More about emotions • Emotions are contagious • Emotional Labor • Detrimental to employee’s physical and psychological health • Gender differences • No difference in felt emotions • Females are more emotionally expressive

  22. Paving the Road to Success 5-22

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