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Generators, Motors and How We Get Electricity

Generators, Motors and How We Get Electricity. Topics . What is electricity? Energy Conversion The Faraday Effect Motor vs. Generator AC/DC Energy Trends - the case for Green. What is Electricity?. Electricity is energy transported by the motion of electrons.

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Generators, Motors and How We Get Electricity

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  1. Generators, Motors and How We Get Electricity

  2. Topics • What is electricity? • Energy Conversion • The Faraday Effect • Motor vs. Generator • AC/DC • Energy Trends - the case for Green

  3. What is Electricity? Electricity is energy transported by the motion of electrons **We do not make electricity, we CONVERT other energy sources into electrical energy** Conversion is the name of the game

  4. Energy Conversion Options for ElectricityNon-Thermal Paths •  Source to Electrical • SourceConverter • Sun Photovoltaic (photon to electron) • Chemical Fuel Cell • Source to Potential/Kinetic to Mechanical to Electrical • SourceConverterKinetic to MechanicalMech to Electrical • Dam Penstocks Turbine (water) Generator • Tides Machine Turbine (air or water) Generator • Wind N/A Turbine (air) Generator

  5. Energy Conversion Options for ElectricityThermal Paths •  Heat to Mechanical to Electrical • SourceHeat to MechanicalMech to Electrical • Geothermal Turbine (vapor) Generator • OTEC Turbine (vapor) Generator • Stored Energy to Heat to Mechanical to Electrical • SourceReactorHeat to MechanicalMech to Electrical • Fuel Combustor Turbine (gas or vapor) Generator • U, Pu Reactor Turbine (gas or vapor) Generator • Sun Collector* Turbine (gas or vapor) Generator • H, H2, H3Reactor Turbine (gas or vapor) Generator • * More a modifier or concentrator than a reactor

  6.  Faraday Effect •  Basic Concepts • Voltage – V – Potential to Move Charge (volts) • Current – I – Charge Movement (amperes or amps) • Resistance – R – V = IxR (R in =ohms) • Power – P = IxV = I2xR (watts) Faraday Effect

  7. Electric Motor M Electrical Energy Mechanical Energy DC Motor

  8. Model Electric Motor Beakman Motor Electric Energy Coil Magnetic Field What do you need?

  9. Electric Generator G Mechanical Energy Electrical Energy Stationary magnets - rotating magnets - electromagnets

  10. Alternating Current Large-scale generators produce AC Follows sine wave with n cycles per second 1, 2, 3-phase? US:120 V,60 Hz Europe: 240 V,50Hz Transforming ability Direct Current Batteries, Photovoltaics, fuel cells, small DC generators Charge in ONE direction Negative, Positive terminals Easy conversion AC to DC, not DC to AC AC/DC (not the band)

  11. Generator Phases 1 Phase – 2 Phase – 3 Phase…Smooth Power Force Driving Motor (Red) Single Phase Two Phase Three Phase Polyphase Systems  3 phases for smoother torque delivery

  12. Where do we get our Electricity? • Fossil – Coal, Natural Gas, Oil – 550 Gigawatts (GW) • Nuclear – 200 GW • Hydro – 75 GW • Geothermal – 2.3 GW • Other Renewable – Wind, Solar, OTEC – 13.6 GW

  13. Energy Usage Per Capita (1999) TOE/person-year *TOE - Tons of Oil Equivalent (~40 Million Btus)

  14. Oil Resources Have Oil… Use Oil… Saudi Arabia 26% Iraq 11% Kuwait 10% Iran 9% UAE 8% Venezuela 6% Russia 5% Libya 3% Mexico 3% China 3% Nigeria 2% U.S. 2% U.S. 26% Japan 7% China 6% Germany 4% Canada 4% Russia 3% Brazil 3% S. Korea 3% France 3% India 3% Mexico 3% Italy 2% The U.S. uses more than the next 5 highest consuming nations combined.

  15. Solar Wind 10 12 14 14 16 16 12 10 12 10 14 16 18 2 Megajoules/m 10 <10 12 10-12 12-14 14-16 16-18 20 18-20 22 24 14 26 20-22 6.0-6.5 m/s 13.4-14.6 mph 26 22-24 24 6.5-70 m/s 14 24-26 20 22 18 14.6-15.7 mph 16 26-28 >7.0 m/s >28 15.7+ mph Biomass Geothermal Agricultural resources & residues Wood resources & residues Agricultural & wood residues Low inventory o Temperature <90C o Temperature >90C Geopressured resources U.S. Renewable Energy Resource Assessment

  16. Barriers to Change • US energy infrastructure is large and deeply entrenched • 400,000+ miles of gas and oil pipelines • 160,000+ of high voltage transmission lines • 176,000 gasoline stations • 1000’s of oil and gas wells drilled annually in the US and Canada

  17. Barriers to Change • oil and gas are readily available as a world commodity at low cost -- equivalent to $ 4 to 5 / million Btu • US coal is even more abundant and cheaper – approximately $1/million Btu • US electricity prices remain low relative to other commodities The average American family spends only 3 to 4% of their income on energy!!

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