Economic Development

1. Economic Development

2. a. What is meant by "development"? Key Ideas: Is there more to development than wealth? Measuring economic well-being and quality of life. Identifying and explaining why countries are at different stages of development. How development can be affected by aid. Some aid is more sustainable than others. Hint: How levels of economic well-being/QofLare measured. The advantages and disadvantages of using economic and social indicators. How development has been described and mapped in the past and assessment of its validity. Sustainability of aid in terms of economic costs, impacts on the environment and effects on people. A case study of an aid project in an LEDC.

3. b. How and why are there variations between the employment structures of different countries? Key Ideas: How and why patterns of employment structure vary in contrasting locations. How and why these patterns change over time. Hint: How employment structures vary between countries. How employment structures have changed over time and may change in the future.

4. c. What determines the location of different economic activities? Key Ideas: The factors that influence decisions about where economic activities are located. How and why the locations of different economic activities have changed. Who makes decisions about the present and future location of economic activities? Hint: The types of industry (primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary) and the economic and environmental locational factors for each. The environmental, social and economic reasons why the location of economic activity changes. Two case studies, one from an LEDC and the other from an MEDC, to illustrate the factors that affect the location of different types of economic activity

5. d. How do multi-national companies (MNCs) affect development? Key Ideas: Defining an MNC and globalisation. How MNCs affect employment opportunities and economic development. The effects MNCs have in the areas where they choose to locate and in other places. MNCs have an increasing influence on employment opportunities and economic development. Hint: What an MNC is and the reasons for globalisation. The positive and negative effects of MNC investment in an area. A case study of MNC investment in a specific area and in an international context. The possible future for globalisation and its effects on specific groups of people.

6. e. How can economic activity affect the physical environment at a variety of scales including global? Key Ideas: How different economic activities affect the physical environment. The conflicts that develop between responsibilities for the physical environment and the need for development. Managing these conflicts sustainably. The causes, effects and responses to global climate change at a variety of scales. Hint: A range of ways to show how economic activities affect the physical environment. Use of GIS, new technologies and satellite images to analyse economic activity and environmental conflict and areas where this is occurring. The need to balance environmental concerns and the need for economic development. A case study of a specific development where conflicts exist between economic development and environmental damage

7. A case study of an aid project in an LEDC. Solar Cookers

8. Situated on the west coast of India, approximately 400 kilometres south of Bombay. Goa's coastal strip is approximately 100km long boasting idyllic sandy beaches and blue crystal seas. Traditional industries included fishing, rice growing and toddy tapping - where an alcoholic drink is fermented from the sap of the coconut palm. Literacy rate 77% - high for India. Number of tourist visitors now exceeds 1 million annually - about 20% are arrivals from overseas. Tourist season is from October through to May when average temperatures range from 31-34 degrees Celsius. Heavy rain prevents tourism from June to September. Tourism creates 15% of the states income and 10% employment Two case studies, one from an LEDC and the other from an MEDC, to illustrate the factors that affect the location of different types of economic activity • Strong physical factors make it ideal for the location and development of tourism: • 105km of sandy, palm-fringed beaches • The hot dry weather in the tourist season • Exotic animals • Human factors include • Direct flights to Goa- and more cheaper flights • Cost tourist services and general goods is cheaper • The ruins of Old Goa attract tourists- World heritage status • There are many hotels for all price ranges,

9. the Nissan plant, attracted to the NE by government grants and a strong tradition of engineering in the region. Additional land is available for expansion. The site is close to the major cities of Newcastle and Sunderland, a handy and skilled workforce. The A 19 offers a major north-south transport route for the shipping in of components needed to build the cars and the export of the finished product to a European market. Two case studies, one from an LEDC and the other from an MEDC, to illustrate the factors that affect the location of different types of economic activity

10. Coca Cola in Cali, Columbia • HQ Atlanta, Georgia, USA • Bottling plants in over 200 countries • Focus of this case study: Cali, Columbia, South America • Background • Coca Cola is a multinational company because • It operates across the globe in over 200 countries • It makes large profits- $24 billion • Employs many people across the world 146,000 • It has a global location because this brings advantages such as: • Labour costs- many labour costs in LEDC are lower = higher profits • Transport coasts will be lower if the product is made in that country= higher profits • Legalization on worker rights and health and safety may be less strict in some countries, which means less overheads and higher profits • It widens your market. More consumers= higher profits A case study of MNC investment in a specific area and in an international context. •  Positive impacts  • Local people are employed in jobs. • In Cali, for every 1 job created in Coca Cola, another 10 are generated elsewhere, positive multiplier effect. • Coca Cola pays thousands of dollars in taxes to the Columbian government. The government uses the money to invest in public services. • Local farmers provide the factories with sugar cane, providing them with an income. •  Negative impacts  • Coca Cola have been accused of being anti-union, which would mean they could pay workers less, meaning more profits for them. • Coca Colas bottling company FEMSA have been accused of suing paramilitary groups to attack trade union members. • 6 union workers were killed by paramilitary groups. • Higher management jobs have gone to foreign workers, not those from Cali. • Coca Cola have been accused of pumping waste into rivers killing wildlife. • Works have been killed in the Cali bottling plant. • Coca Cola have been caught not paying local taxes. • The investment of Coca Cola in Columbia is blamed for the decline in the traditional fruit juice vendors.

11. A case study of a specific development where conflicts exist between economic development and environmental damage Pearl Delta or Aral Sea • The Aral Sea Case study Sheet • Why is the Aral sea shrinking? • 2 major rivers, the Syr Darya and the Amu Darya flow into the Aral Sea. • Water from these 2 rivers has been used to irrigate fields in Uzbekistan and Kazakstan so that cotton and rice can be grown. • Very little water from these 2 rivers now reaches the Aral Sea. • High temperatures in this region mean that evaporation rates are high which adds to the problem. • Why is this an environmental disaster? What are the impacts on the environment? • The water in the Aral Sea is becoming more and more polluted with the chemicals from the fertilisers and pesticides used on the irrigated farmland. • The soil is so salty that plants cannot easily be grown or crops! • The local climate is becoming hotter and drier as the effect of the Aral Sea is reduced. • The air is salty and dusty. Both the air and water is polluted causing a huge health hazard • What methods have been used to reduce the impacts of this disaster? • In areas where the sea has dried up trenches have been dug up and clean sand put in, then a tree called The Saxaul tree is planted. This traps sand and stops it blowing around creating the lung disorders . • Using a new $126m World Bank loan, the Kazakhstan government is building a second dam. The new dam traps water from the Syr Darya in the North Aral sea. • The Kazak government has rebuilt nearly 60 miles of canals and waterways- to improve water distribution (stops wasting water!!) • Holes were covered in irrigation channels with steel plates. Also stops wasting water) The flow of the Syr Darya has doubled!! • However, nothing is being done in the South Aral in Uzbekistan, this is predicted to totally disappear n the next 50 years. • How can GIS such as satellites be used to analyze economic activity and environmental conflict? • Satellite images can track changes in the size and shape of the Aral sea • Satellite images can be studied to see where the greatest loss is occurring