Seni & Ilmu Analisis Ekonomi

1. Seni & Ilmu Analisis Ekonomi Permasalahan Ekonomi Kepentingan Pribadi yang Rasional Analisis Marginal Metoda Ilmiah Kelemahan Pemikiran Ekonomi Sumber: McEachern, Ek.Makro, Pendekatan Kontemporer

2. PERMASALAHAN EKONOMI : SUMBER DAYA TERBATAS TAPI KEINGINAN TAK TERBATAS Barang & Jasa Kelangkaan Pilihan Keinginan/ kebutuhan Sumber Daya Imbalan Sumber Daya Sumber: McEachern, Ek.Makro, Pendekatan Kontemporer

3. Barang dan Jasa & Tenaga Kerja Kapital Tanah Kewirausahaan Objek nyata yang digunakan untuk memenuhi keinginan & Kegiatan yg ditujukan utk memenuhi keinginan Konsekwensi kelangkaan Upah Laba Bunga Sewa Bila jumlah yang diinginkan orang melebihi jumlah yang tersedia pada harga sebesar nol Sumber: McEachern, Ek.Makro, Pendekatan Kontemporer

4. Pelaku Ekonomi Pasar Rumah Tangga Perusahaan Pemerintah Luar Negeri Pasar Barang & Jasa & Pasar Sumber Daya / Faktor Produksi Analisis Mikro & Makro Sumber: McEachern, Ek.Makro, Pendekatan Kontemporer

5. Rational Self Interest: Expected Cost Expected Benefit Analisis Ekonomi Analisis Marginal : Expected Marginal Cost Expected Marginal Benefit Pilihan Memerlukan Waktu & Informasi Analisis Positif dan Normatif Sumber: McEachern, Ek.Makro, Pendekatan Kontemporer

6. Ilmu dari Analisis Ekonomi Teori/Model Ekonomi : Penyederhanaan dari kenyataan ekonomi yang digunakan untuk membuat perkiraan atas dunia nyata Metoda Ilmiah: 1. Identifikasi Pertanyaaan dan Penentuan Variabel 2. Spesifikasi Asumsi & Asumsi Perilaku 4. Hipotesa 5. Validitas Prediksi rata-rata Perilaku Sumber: McEachern, Ek.Makro, Pendekatan Kontemporer

7. Exhibit 2 The Scientific Method 1. Identify the Question and Define Relevant Variables 2. Specify Assumptions 3. Formulate a hypothesis Modify Approach 4. Test the hypothesis or Use the hypothesis until a better one shows up Reject the hypothesis

8. Beberapa Kelemahan Analisis Ekonomi The Fallacy of Composition Efek Sekunder Association is Causation Sumber: McEachern, Ek.Makro, Pendekatan Kontemporer

9. Understanding Graphs • Origin • Horizontal axis • Vertical axis • Graph • Functional relation • Dependent variable • Independent variable Appendix

10. Exhibit 4 Basics of a Graph y 20 Vertical axis Point a: - 5 units X - 15 units Y a 15 10 Point b: - 10 units X - 5 units Y b 5 0 5 10 15 20 x Origin Horizontal axis

11. Exhibit 5 U.S. Unemployment Rate Since 1900

12. Drawing Graphs • Dependent variable • Depends on the independent variable • Types of relations between variables • Positive; direct • Negative; inverse • Independent; unrelated Appendix

13. 250 e 200 d 150 c Distance traveled per day (miles) 100 b a 50 5 0 2 4 3 1 Hours driven per day Exhibit 6; Exhibit 7 Schedule and Graph Relating Distance Traveled to Hours Driven Points a through e depict different combinations of hours driven per day and the corresponding distances traveled. Connecting these points graphs a line.

14. Slopes of Straight Lines • Slope • Change in vertical variable • For a given increase in horizontal variable • Slope = Change in the vertical distance/ Increase in the horizontal distance • Slope of a straight line • The same value along the line Appendix

15. y y 20 20 15 5 10 10 -7 10 3 10 0 0 20 20 x x 10 10 Exhibit 8(a), (b) Alternative Slopes for Straight Lines (b) Negative relation (a) Positive relation Slope = 5/10 = 0.5 Slope = - 7/10 = - 0.7

16. y y 20 20 10 10 10 10 0 0 20 x x 10 10 Exhibit 8(c), (d) Alternative Slopes for Straight Lines (d) No relation: infinite slope (c) No relation: zero slope Slope = 10/0 = ∞ Slope = 0/10 = 0

17. Slope, Units of Measurement, Marginal Analysis • Value of slope • Depends on units of measurement • Measures marginal effects Appendix

18. Total cost Total cost $6 $6 1 5 3 1 3 1 0 1 0 5 6 2 Feet of copper tubing Yards of copper tubing Exhibit 9 Slope Depends on the Unit of Measure (a) Measured in feet (b) Measured in yards Slope = 1/1 = 1 Slope = 3/1 = 3 • Output is measured in feet of copper tubing. • Output is measured in yards. • The cost: $1 per foot. • Slope is different: copper tubing is measured using different units

19. The Slopes of Curved Lines • Differs along the curve • Slope of a curved line at one point • Slope of the tangent Appendix

20. y 40 A 30 a 20 B 10 b x 0 30 20 40 10 Exhibit 10 Slope at Different Points on a Curved Line The slope of a curved line varies from point to point. At point a, the slope of the curve is equal to the slope of the tangent A. At point b, the slope of the curve is equal to the slope of the tangent B.

21. y a b x 0 Exhibit 11 Curves with Both Positive and Negative Slopes Some curves have both positive and negative slopes. The U-shaped curve has: negative slope to the left of b slope of 0 at point b positive slope to the right of b. The hill-shaped curve has: positive slope to the left of a slope of 0 at point a negative slope to the right of a.

22. Line Shifts • Change assumptions • Changed relationship between variables • Line shift Appendix

23. T T’ 250 d 200 f 150 Distance traveled per day (miles) 100 50 5 2 4 3 0 1 Hours driven per day Exhibit 12 Shift of Line Relating Distance Traveled to Hours Driven Line T hours driven/day and distance traveled/day average speed = 50 mph Line T’ hours driven/day and distance traveled/day average speed = 40 mph