CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK, AND HYPOTHESIS (Lecture 6)

1. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK, AND HYPOTHESIS(Lecture 6) Dosen: M. Saleh S.Ali MK. Konstruksi Teori, Sm Awal 2009/2010

2. Conceptual/Theoretical Framework • C. Framework is the organization of knowledge into meaningful set of relation to get a clear perspective (total scenario) of variables at work • C. Framework is a brief explanation of a theory or those portions of a theory to be tested in a study. • C. Framework is a written or visual presentation that “explains either graphically, or in narrative form, the main things to be studied – the key factors, concepts or variables - and the presumed relationship among them”. (Miles and Huberman, 1994, P18) MK. Konstruksi Teori, Sm Awal 2009/2010

3. Function of Framework • Clarifies concepts or Logical structuring of the subject-matter based on literature and personal experience (foundation for the investigation) • Identifies and states underlying assumptions of study • Specifies relationship among and between concepts • Hypothesis formulation • Give cues in the selection of appropriate research methodology • Ensure consistency in the discussion MK. Konstruksi Teori, Sm Awal 2009/2010

4. Possible Forms of CF • The possibilities include: • Flow charts. • Tree diagrams. • Shape based diagrams – hierarchy, triangle, concentric circles, overlapping circles. • Mind maps. • Soft systems. MK. Konstruksi Teori, Sm Awal 2009/2010

5. Types of Framework • Process frameworks • Set out the stages through which an action moves from initiation to conclusion. These relate to the ‘how?’ question. • Content frameworks • Set out the variables, and possibly the relationship (with relative strengths) between them, that together answer the ‘why?’ question. • Description frameworks • Set out the nature of phenomena under study. These relate to the ‘what?’ question. MK. Konstruksi Teori, Sm Awal 2009/2010

6. Inputs in Preparing CF • Experiential knowledge of student and supervisor: • Technical knowledge. • Research background. • Personal experience. • Data. • Literature review: • Prior ‘related’ theory – concepts and relationships that are used to represent the world, what is happening and why. • Prior ‘related’ research – how people have tackled ‘similar’ problems and what they have learned. • Other theory and research - approaches, lines of investigation and theory that are not obviously relevant/previously used. MK. Konstruksi Teori, Sm Awal 2009/2010

7. Preparing CF(a methaphor) • Preparing a conceptual framework can be likened to planning a holiday. • The purpose of the pre-planning of the holiday is to: • Know how to get to, and return from, your holiday destination. • Know what to do when you are at the destination. • To be better prepared, and able to make the most of your holiday, because you can be guided by your previous experiences and by any information provided by others. • But is this pre-planning metaphor applicable to both quantitative and qualitative research in terms of the conceptual framework and the research process? MK. Konstruksi Teori, Sm Awal 2009/2010

8. Develop C.F • List down the relevant concepts of the problem or Review of Literature • Grouping of those factors (concept) • Assign name • Showing the relationship among the factors (concept) • Making generalization MK. Konstruksi Teori, Sm Awal 2009/2010

9. Theoretical Framework, example What other events might precede delinquency??? Rejection by Normal peers Poor Parenting Child Conduct Problems Commitment to deviant peer group Delinquency Academic Failure A model for antisocial behavior MK. Konstruksi Teori, Sm Awal 2009/2010

10. Hypothesis • Hypothesis is a preposition about factual and conceptual element and their relationships that projects beyond known facts and experiences for further understanding. • Hypothesis is a concept that has yet to be verified, but if proved true world explain certain facts about a specific phenomena • “A hypothesis is a conjectural statement of the relation between two or more variables”. (Kerlinger, 1956) MK. Konstruksi Teori, Sm Awal 2009/2010

11. Hypothesis ( c) • “Hypothesis is a formal statement that presents the expected relationship between an independent and dependent variable.”(Creswell, 1994) • “A research question is essentially a hypothesis asked in the form of a question.” • Characteristic of hypothesis: • Reasoning  construct • Supporting facts MK. Konstruksi Teori, Sm Awal 2009/2010

12. Hypothesis ( c) • It is a tentative prediction about the nature of the relationship between two or more variables.” • “A hypothesis can be defined as a tentative explanation of the research problem, a possible outcome of the research, or an educated guess about the research outcome.”(Sarantakos, 1993: 1991) • “Hypotheses are always in declarative sentence form, an they relate, either generally or specifically , variables to variables.” • “An hypothesis is a statement or explanation that is suggested by knowledge or observation but has not, yet, been proved or disproved.”(MacleodClark J and Hockey L 1981) MK. Konstruksi Teori, Sm Awal 2009/2010

13. Common Format of Hypothesis • A question, “does temperature affect fermentation? • A conditional statement, “The temperature affect fermentation.” • An “if, then statement”. “If temperature affect fermentation, then increasing the temperature will increase gas production.” MK. Konstruksi Teori, Sm Awal 2009/2010

14. Nature of Hypothesis 􀂃The hypothesis is a clear statement of what is intended to be investigated. It should be specified before research is conducted and openly stated in reporting the results. This allows to: Identify the research objectives Identify the key abstract concepts involved in the research Identify its relationship to both the problem statement and the literature review 􀂃A problem cannot be scientifically solved unless it is reduced to hypothesis form 􀂃It is a powerful tool of advancement of knowledge, consistent with existing knowledge and conducive to further enquiry MK. Konstruksi Teori, Sm Awal 2009/2010

15. Function of Hypothesis • Guides the research or thought process toward the solution of the research problems. • Sources of methodology • Explanation • Stimuli for research • Organizing the data to be collected • It provides criteria for evaluating research techniques If we don’t have evident or facts that support to our concepts or variables, we cannot formulate hypothesis MK. Konstruksi Teori, Sm Awal 2009/2010

16. How to form hypotheses? • From theory ->“deductive reasoning” • From observations/data ->“inductive reasoning” MK. Konstruksi Teori, Sm Awal 2009/2010

17. Deductive Reasoning (“Top-down Process”) Theory Hypothesis Observation Support for the theory MK. Konstruksi Teori, Sm Awal 2009/2010

18. Inductive Reasoning (“Bottom-Up Process”) Theory Tentative Hypothesis Pattern Observation MK. Konstruksi Teori, Sm Awal 2009/2010

19. Types of Hypothesis • Statistical Hypothesis Ho : µ=µo (Null hypothesis) H1 : µ≠µo (Research hypothesis) Null hypothesis (Ho) is a statement of no influence or difference (opposition to the research hypothesis) Research hypothesis (H1) is a statement reflecting a substantive hypothesis (it states the relationship between two population parameters). • Verbal hypothesis: a statement of relationships between two or more variables Hypothesis can be stated in simple form or conditional form. MK. Konstruksi Teori, Sm Awal 2009/2010