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Chapter 17

Chapter 17. Ferment of Reform and Culture. Intro/Reviving Religion . Revolution 3: Reform Starts with Religion Comparing religion in 1850 to the colonial times Religion still important, but not as rigorous. Ideas from the Age of Reason also prevalent, challenging old ways

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Chapter 17

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  1. Chapter 17 Ferment of Reform and Culture

  2. Intro/Reviving Religion • Revolution 3: Reform • Starts with Religion • Comparing religion in 1850 to the colonial times • Religion still important, but not as rigorous

  3. Ideas from the Age of Reason also prevalent, challenging old ways • Thomas Paine said churches only set up to enslave and keep power

  4. Deism also still prevalent • Denied Christ’s divinity and original sin • Humans are basically good an can be more • Science more important then bible • Accepted a supreme being as creator • Founding fathers were believers

  5. Unitarian evolved from Deism • Denied trinity and divinity • Free will • Salvation through good works • God is a loving God • Appealed to intellectuals

  6. The Second Great Awakening(Still revival) • Began about 1800 • Reaction to liberal trends in religion • Return to Puritan Conservatism • Opposed rationalism of Enlightenment • Spread by Camp Meetings

  7. Methodists and Baptists • New protestant denominations • Stressed personal conversion instead of predestination • Democratic control of church • Emotionalism • Circuit riders

  8. Who were Circuit Riders (Still Revival) • Peter Cartwright • Beat God into you • Charles Grandison Finney • Begin preaching in NY • Against slavery and alcohol • Anxious Bench • Wanted women to pray aloud!

  9. Denominational Diversity • So much preaching some areas get called Burned Over district • Millerites/Adventists • God was coming Oct 22 1844

  10. Religion widens differences (still revival) • Eastern part of country stayed untouched • Episcopalians, Presbyterians, and Unitarians: Wealthy • Poorer classes tended to identify with newer religion and awakening • Methodists and Baptists came from less prosperous and less educated, rural south • Slavery also split religion at this time

  11. Desert Zion in Utah • Distinctly American Religion • Joseph Smith gets plates from Angel • Book of Mormon • Oligarchy • Not accepted in a Democratic society • Voted as a unit • Had own militia • Polygamy • Challenged American ideals

  12. Smith and brother killed by mob • Young new leader Brigham Young • Takes people west • Gets to Utah 46-47 • Crops saved by Seagulls, so they decided to stay • 27 wives, 56 children • 1857 US gov. march against Mormons • 1896 Statehood

  13. Free Schools/Free People • Early fears of public education • Do we want a country of Paupers • Educate young, not pay for them later • Taxes to pay

  14. 1825-50: education triumphed, not in south • Both ignorant and free we will never be • Schoolhouses • One room • Male teacher • Boarded at houses • Not educated • Lickin’ than larnin’ • Three R’s

  15. Leading Learners (still free schools) • Horace Mann • MA • 1837: Statewide Education • Noah Webster • Reading lessons • Patriotism • 1828 dictionary • McGuffey: readers that young people read and learned values from

  16. Higher Goals for Learning • Colleges start growing • Small denominational colleges in south and west • Local pride than education sometimes • Basic courses: Latin, Greek, philosophy • State supported: • North Carolina: 1795 • University of Vg. TJ

  17. Women and Education (still Higher learning) • At first frowned upon • Too much learning hurts female brain • Emma Willard: Troy Female Seminary • Mary Lyon: Holyoke • Oberlin: allowed Af/Am and Women

  18. Other educational options (still higher learning) • Private libraries • House to House peddlers • Lyceums

  19. Age of Reform • Everything could be reformed • Fad Diets: Graham to important social issues like slavery • Spurred on by 2nd GA • Women large part of Reform

  20. Prisons and Mentally Ill (age of reform) • Stop debtors prison • Soften criminal codes • Capital punishment eased • Reformatories v. penitentiaries • Mentally Ill • End of the treatment as if they were evil and chained • Dorthea Dix

  21. Peace (reform) • American Peace Society • Started out with a lot of support • But wars in Crimea and the Civil War the party loses support

  22. Demon RumProhibitionhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8u4QDr8WjdU • Consumption of alcohol in 1820 triple what it is today • Alcohol, cheaper then milk and safer then water • People worried about bad effects

  23. Prohibition vs. Temperance • American Temperance Society • 1826 • Maine 1851: Neal S. Dow • Father of Prohibition • Propertied class fear mobs • Even wrote books about problems: • Ten Nights in a Barroom and What I saw There: T.S. Arthur

  24. Women in Revolt • 18th century women were told to be pure, domestic, and submissive • 19th century • Men and women in different roles • Women’s job positions declining • Thought to be emotionally and physically weak

  25. Women Reformers (revolt still) • Concentrated in NE • Middle and upper class • Well educated, Quakers, and Congressionalist's • Mott, Stanton, and Susan B • Blackwell, Bloomer, Grimke's and Stone • Seneca Falls 1848 • Declaration of Sentiments • Known as official kick off of women’s movement

  26. Wilderness Utopias • Utopian communities • Religious and Political/Economic • Focus is on the group not individual

  27. New Harmony: Indiana: Owen • 1825 • Cooperative ideals • Everyone working together • Fell apart • Brook Farm • 1841 • Community of cooperation • Intellectuals • Plain living and high thinking • Lost building in fire and fell apart • Debt • Oneida • NY 1848 • Free love and complex marriage • Eugenics: picking parents to produce perfect child • Leader was an adulterer • Lasted 30 years • Shakers • 1840 • Religious community • Mother Ann Stanley • Female embodiment of Christ • Segregate the men and women • No children to carry on religion

  28. Dawn of Scientific Achievement • People in America want practical gadgets, not much happening here yet • Copy European ideas • American Ingenuity/Yankee Ingenuity • Nationalism in Nature • Audubon • Scientist and naturalist • Creating a record by observation

  29. Medicine? (still science • Needed to be revamped • Antiquated ways of dealing with people, bleeding • Surgery, laughing gas, but not pain killers • Patent medicines

  30. Artistic achievements • Architecture • Greek Revival • Capital architecture • University of VG • TJ • Designed in Greek Model

  31. Painting and Pictures (artistic still) • Stuart: Washington • Peale: Washington • Trumbull: Revolution • Hudson River School • Landscapes, nationalism, romanticism and emotionalism • Daguerreotypes 1831 • Named after Louis Daguerre, early photographs

  32. Music (artistic still) • Music: • More upbeat • Stephen Foster • Borrowed many songs from African Americans • “Oh Suzanna” • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pfv9FDnMcaI

  33. National Literature • Europe critical of US literature, but after 1812 growing: • Knickerbocker Group • Irving • Knickerbockers' History of New York • Rip Van Winkle/Sleepy Hollow • Cooper • Nobility of frontier • The Spy • The Leather stocking Tales • The Last of the Mohicans • Bryant: Thonatopsis • One of first European accepted poems • 16 years old!

  34. Transcendentalism • 1830s • Against Age of Reason • All knowledge and truth not through observation, but emotion, idealism • Individualists and optimistic • Power in person to find Over soul (God)

  35. Emerson • Not the best at his craft, but a good spokesman • Self reliance= self confidence, optimism • Thoreau • Nature is happiness • Walden • On the Duty of Civil Disobedience: • Influence MLK • Whitman • Poet • Changed accepted definitions of what was poetry • Leaves of Grass

  36. Literary Lights • Giants in their field: • Longfellow • epic poems • “The Song of Hiawatha” • Whittier • Abolitionist poet • Not as talented, but social reformer • Lowell • Poet and essayist: condemns Mexican War in The Biglow Papers • Holmes • Poet and novelist • Actually a doctor! • William Gilmore Simms: • Wrote about life in South • Never accepted into upper class

  37. Louisa Alcott • Author of Little Women • Emily Dickinson • Over 2000 poems, but would not be published until she died

  38. Dissenters and Individualists • Hawthorne • Cannot escape evil • World imperfect • Attacked reformers • Poe • Difficult life • Died with nothing • Focused on dark stories

  39. Melville • Moby Dick • Good and evil • Ambition --------------------

  40. Historians • Bancroft: Father of American History • Prescott: focused on conquest of Mexico • Parkman: Focused on colonial struggle for US

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