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Revival and Reform: Religion Impacting Society in the 1800s

Explore the ferment of religious reform in the 1800s, from Deism to the rise of Unitarianism and the Second Great Awakening. Witness the evolution of beliefs, challenges to traditional dogma, and the impact on society. Learn about key figures like Joseph Smith and Brigham Young, as well as the push for educational reform and the role of women in societal change.

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Revival and Reform: Religion Impacting Society in the 1800s

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  1. Chapter 17 Ferment of Reform and Culture

  2. Intro/Reviving Religion • Revolution 3: Reform • Starts with Religion • Comparing religion in 1850 to the colonial times • Religion still important, but not as rigorous

  3. Ideas from the Age of Reason also prevalent, challenging old ways • Thomas Paine said churches only set up to enslave and keep power

  4. Deism also still prevalent • Denied Christ’s divinity and original sin • Humans are basically good an can be more • Science more important then bible • Accepted a supreme being as creator • Founding fathers were believers

  5. Unitarian evolved from Deism • Denied trinity and divinity • Free will • Salvation through good works • God is a loving God • Appealed to intellectuals

  6. The Second Great Awakening(Still revival) • Began about 1800 • Reaction to liberal trends in religion • Return to Puritan Conservatism • Opposed rationalism of Enlightenment • Spread by Camp Meetings

  7. Methodists and Baptists • New protestant denominations • Stressed personal conversion instead of predestination • Democratic control of church • Emotionalism • Circuit riders

  8. Who were Circuit Riders (Still Revival) • Peter Cartwright • Beat God into you • Charles Grandison Finney • Begin preaching in NY • Against slavery and alcohol • Anxious Bench • Wanted women to pray aloud!

  9. Denominational Diversity • So much preaching some areas get called Burned Over district • Millerites/Adventists • God was coming Oct 22 1844

  10. Religion widens differences (still revival) • Eastern part of country stayed untouched • Episcopalians, Presbyterians, and Unitarians: Wealthy • Poorer classes tended to identify with newer religion and awakening • Methodists and Baptists came from less prosperous and less educated, rural south • Slavery also split religion at this time

  11. Desert Zion in Utah • Distinctly American Religion • Joseph Smith gets plates from Angel • Book of Mormon • Oligarchy • Not accepted in a Democratic society • Voted as a unit • Had own militia • Polygamy • Challenged American ideals

  12. Smith and brother killed by mob • Young new leader Brigham Young • Takes people west • Gets to Utah 46-47 • Crops saved by Seagulls, so they decided to stay • 27 wives, 56 children • 1857 US gov. march against Mormons • 1896 Statehood

  13. Free Schools/Free People • Early fears of public education • Do we want a country of Paupers • Educate young, not pay for them later • Taxes to pay

  14. 1825-50: education triumphed, not in south • Both ignorant and free we will never be • Schoolhouses • One room • Male teacher • Boarded at houses • Not educated • Lickin’ than larnin’ • Three R’s

  15. Leading Learners (still free schools) • Horace Mann • MA • 1837: Statewide Education • Noah Webster • Reading lessons • Patriotism • 1828 dictionary • McGuffey: readers that young people read and learned values from

  16. Higher Goals for Learning • Colleges start growing • Small denominational colleges in south and west • Local pride than education sometimes • Basic courses: Latin, Greek, philosophy • State supported: • North Carolina: 1795 • University of Vg. TJ

  17. Women and Education (still Higher learning) • At first frowned upon • Too much learning hurts female brain • Emma Willard: Troy Female Seminary • Mary Lyon: Holyoke • Oberlin: allowed Af/Am and Women

  18. Other educational options (still higher learning) • Private libraries • House to House peddlers • Lyceums

  19. Age of Reform • Everything could be reformed • Fad Diets: Graham to important social issues like slavery • Spurred on by 2nd GA • Women large part of Reform

  20. Prisons and Mentally Ill (age of reform) • Stop debtors prison • Soften criminal codes • Capital punishment eased • Reformatories v. penitentiaries • Mentally Ill • End of the treatment as if they were evil and chained • Dorthea Dix

  21. Peace (reform) • American Peace Society • Started out with a lot of support • But wars in Crimea and the Civil War the party loses support

  22. Demon RumProhibitionhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8u4QDr8WjdU • Consumption of alcohol in 1820 triple what it is today • Alcohol, cheaper then milk and safer then water • People worried about bad effects

  23. Prohibition vs. Temperance • American Temperance Society • 1826 • Maine 1851: Neal S. Dow • Father of Prohibition • Propertied class fear mobs • Even wrote books about problems: • Ten Nights in a Barroom and What I saw There: T.S. Arthur

  24. Women in Revolt • 18th century women were told to be pure, domestic, and submissive • 19th century • Men and women in different roles • Women’s job positions declining • Thought to be emotionally and physically weak

  25. Women Reformers (revolt still) • Concentrated in NE • Middle and upper class • Well educated, Quakers, and Congressionalist's • Mott, Stanton, and Susan B • Blackwell, Bloomer, Grimke's and Stone • Seneca Falls 1848 • Declaration of Sentiments • Known as official kick off of women’s movement

  26. Wilderness Utopias • Utopian communities • Religious and Political/Economic • Focus is on the group not individual

  27. New Harmony: Indiana: Owen • 1825 • Cooperative ideals • Everyone working together • Fell apart • Brook Farm • 1841 • Community of cooperation • Intellectuals • Plain living and high thinking • Lost building in fire and fell apart • Debt • Oneida • NY 1848 • Free love and complex marriage • Eugenics: picking parents to produce perfect child • Leader was an adulterer • Lasted 30 years • Shakers • 1840 • Religious community • Mother Ann Stanley • Female embodiment of Christ • Segregate the men and women • No children to carry on religion

  28. Dawn of Scientific Achievement • People in America want practical gadgets, not much happening here yet • Copy European ideas • American Ingenuity/Yankee Ingenuity • Nationalism in Nature • Audubon • Scientist and naturalist • Creating a record by observation

  29. Medicine? (still science • Needed to be revamped • Antiquated ways of dealing with people, bleeding • Surgery, laughing gas, but not pain killers • Patent medicines

  30. Artistic achievements • Architecture • Greek Revival • Capital architecture • University of VG • TJ • Designed in Greek Model

  31. Painting and Pictures (artistic still) • Stuart: Washington • Peale: Washington • Trumbull: Revolution • Hudson River School • Landscapes, nationalism, romanticism and emotionalism • Daguerreotypes 1831 • Named after Louis Daguerre, early photographs

  32. Music (artistic still) • Music: • More upbeat • Stephen Foster • Borrowed many songs from African Americans • “Oh Suzanna” • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pfv9FDnMcaI

  33. National Literature • Europe critical of US literature, but after 1812 growing: • Knickerbocker Group • Irving • Knickerbockers' History of New York • Rip Van Winkle/Sleepy Hollow • Cooper • Nobility of frontier • The Spy • The Leather stocking Tales • The Last of the Mohicans • Bryant: Thonatopsis • One of first European accepted poems • 16 years old!

  34. Transcendentalism • 1830s • Against Age of Reason • All knowledge and truth not through observation, but emotion, idealism • Individualists and optimistic • Power in person to find Over soul (God)

  35. Emerson • Not the best at his craft, but a good spokesman • Self reliance= self confidence, optimism • Thoreau • Nature is happiness • Walden • On the Duty of Civil Disobedience: • Influence MLK • Whitman • Poet • Changed accepted definitions of what was poetry • Leaves of Grass

  36. Literary Lights • Giants in their field: • Longfellow • epic poems • “The Song of Hiawatha” • Whittier • Abolitionist poet • Not as talented, but social reformer • Lowell • Poet and essayist: condemns Mexican War in The Biglow Papers • Holmes • Poet and novelist • Actually a doctor! • William Gilmore Simms: • Wrote about life in South • Never accepted into upper class

  37. Louisa Alcott • Author of Little Women • Emily Dickinson • Over 2000 poems, but would not be published until she died

  38. Dissenters and Individualists • Hawthorne • Cannot escape evil • World imperfect • Attacked reformers • Poe • Difficult life • Died with nothing • Focused on dark stories

  39. Melville • Moby Dick • Good and evil • Ambition --------------------

  40. Historians • Bancroft: Father of American History • Prescott: focused on conquest of Mexico • Parkman: Focused on colonial struggle for US

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