Do Now

1. Do Now • True or False? Correct the false statements. • The first cloned animal was a tadpole. • You inherit more from your father if you are a boy. • Identical twins do NOT have the same DNA. • All humans share 75% of their DNA.

2. Objectives • SWBAT identify the parts of a nucleotide • SWBAT label the different parts of a DNA molecule.

3. DNA • DNA stands for: • Deoxyribonucleic acid • DNA is located: • In the nucleus of cells • The function of DNA is to: • Tells the cells how to produce things that make you up (Blueprint)

4. DNA Structure • Nucleotide is made of: • 5 carbon sugar (Deoxyribose) • Phosphate Group • Nitrogen base (adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine)

5. Nitrogen Bases

6. DNA Structure

7. DNA Structure • DNA often is compared to a twisted ladder. • Rails of the ladder are represented by the alternating deoxyribose and phosphate. • The pairs of bases (cytosine–guanine or thymine–adenine) form the steps.

8. Base Pairs- Rungs of the ladder -2 Strands of DNA form a helix

9. Orientation of DNA- Anti Parallel • On the top rail, the strand is said to be oriented 5′ to 3′. • The strand on the bottom runs in the opposite direction and is oriented 3′ to 5′.

12. Do Now (#1 and 6 refer to the ends of DNA)

13. Objectives • 1. SWBAT identify the parts of a nucleotide • 2. SWBAT create their own strand of DNA using template sugar, phosphate, and bases.

14. Lab • PICK UP: • One sequence per group • One packet per group • 2 question worksheets • HANDING IN: • 1 DNA diagram • 2 Sets of questions.

15. A good way to study • http://www.dnai.org/timeline/index.html

16. Do Now • Where is DNA located? • What is the role of DNA in the cell?

17. Objectives • 1. SWBAT read and understand the discovery of DNA by several scientists. • 2. SWBAT understand how viruses replicate and be able to apply this knowledge to a problem.

18. When was DNA discovered? • We are going to study the scientists who helped to discover DNA. • We are going to take turns reading around the room and taking notes.

19. Bacterial Transformation

20. Why do we care about bacterial transformation? • Genetic Research • Antibiotic Resistance

21. 1928 Fred Griffith - • Studied two strains of bacteria, Streptococcus pneumoniae • Worked with two strains of bacteria: Rough Strain and Smooth Strain • S strain causes pneumonia and the R strain does not

23. Griffith Cont. • S strain: • Heat killed S strain: • R Strain: • Heat killed S strain + R Strain:

24. 1928 Fred Griffith - • Discovered that something from the heat killed wild type (smooth) bacteria was turning the mutant (rough) type bacteria into smooth. • Called it the transforming factor • Didn’t really know what it was

25. Let’s Talk a little about DNA.Do now period 6 • What is DNA? • Where is DNA found? • What do scientists know about our DNA? • How do we apply this DNA technology?

26. Objectives • SWBAT list and identity the characteristics of viruses • SWBAT label a diagram of the life cycle of a virus • SWBAT explain Hershey and Chases experiment and it’s importance to the discovery of DNA

27. Avery • Identified the molecule that transformed the R strain of bacteria into the S strain • Concluded that when the S cells were killed, DNA was released • R bacteria incorporated this DNA into their cells and changed into S cells. • Many people did not believe that it was DNA, not protein that transformed genes

28. Viruses- Six Characteristics of Viruses • 1. Have their own genome (genetic make up) made of either DNA or RNA • 2. Does not have enzymes, ribosomes, or ATP • 3. Have external protein shells (capsids)

29. Viruses- Six Characteristics of Viruses • 4. Infect only specific cells • 5. 2 life cycles (lytic and lysogenic) • Lytic – breaks out and spreads • Lysogenic- hangs around • 6. Smaller than bacteria

31. When a virus attacks a cell… • Let’s try to put these in order….

32. Lytic vs. Lysogenic Cycle

33. Hershey and Chase • Used radioactive labeling to trace the DNA and protein • Concluded that the viral DNA was injected into the cell and provided the genetic information needed to produce new viruses

34. Hershey and Chase • Radioactive Labeling: • Used radioactive phosphorus (32P) to identify DNA in the bacteriophages • Used radioactive sulfer (35S) to identify proteins in the bacteriophages

35. Hershey and Chase • Tracking DNA • Radioactive bacteriophages infected bacteria cells • After review results found radioactive sulfur outside of bacteria cells and radioactive phosphorus inside bacteria cells

36. Hershey and Chase

37. Do Now • 1. What is a virus? • 2. Why is a virus NOT considered a living thing? • 3. What are the two types of life cycles of viruses? Briefly describe each.

38. Do Now – Period 8 • 1. Briefly describe Griffith’s experiment • 2. What did he conclude?

39. Molecular Genetics Chapter 12

40. DNA Structure • Levene discovered that DNA is made of nucleotides

41. DNA Structure • Nucleotide is made of: • 5 carbon sugar (Deoxyribose) • Phosphate Group • Nitrogen base (adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine)

42. Nitrogen Bases

43. DNA Structure

44. Do Now • 1. Briefly describe hershey and chase’s experiment. • What did they conclude?

45. Do Now • 1. Find the complementary sequence of DNA: • ATCGGATATAGC • 2. What bonds form between the sides of DNA? • 3. What type of sugar is in DNA? • 4. What does 3’ mean?

46. DNA Structure • DNA often is compared to a twisted ladder. • Rails of the ladder are represented by the alternating deoxyribose and phosphate. • The pairs of bases (cytosine–guanine or thymine–adenine) form the steps.

47. Label the parts of the DNA molecule

48. Base Pairs- Rungs of the ladder -2 Strands of DNA form a helix

49. Orientation of DNA- Anti Parallel • On the top rail, the strand is said to be oriented 5′ to 3′. • The strand on the bottom runs in the opposite direction and is oriented 3′ to 5′.

50. Do Now (#1 and 6 refer to the ends of DNA)