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Learning

Learning. What is Learning?. a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience. Behaviorism. The psychological domain that argues that psychology should be an objective science. Pavlov. Russian scientist that studied the affect of salivation on digestion.

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Learning

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  1. Learning

  2. What is Learning? • a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

  3. Behaviorism • The psychological domain that argues that psychology should be an objective science

  4. Pavlov • Russian scientist that studied the affect of salivation on digestion • Problem: Dogs would start salivating before they got food. • Solution: Forget the digestion, let’s study learning!

  5. Learning • Pavlov noticed the dogs salivated naturally when they ate. • He paired bringing food with ringing a tone. • After a while he rang the tone, but didn’t bring food. • What did the dogs do?

  6. Classical Conditioning • A form of learning where an organism learns to associate stimuli

  7. 4 Parts of Classical Conditioning • Unconditioned Stimuli (UCS)- something that causes a natural response • Unconditioned Response (UCR)- what happens naturally as a result of the UCS • Conditioned Stimuli (CS)- a previously neutral stimuli that, after learning, produces the natural response • Conditioned Response (CR)- same as UCR, but in response to the CS

  8. 4 Parts of Pavlov • UCS- • UCR- • CS- • CR-

  9. 4 Parts of Pavlov • UCS- Food • UCR- Salivation • CS- Tone • CR- Salivation

  10. Other examples? • Flinching when seeing lightning • Shocking animals after a tone • Fear of drawing/tests

  11. Parts of Learning

  12. Parts of Learning • Acquisition- gaining learning • Extinction- when the CS is no longer paired with the UCS, learning is lost • Spontaneous recovery- after extinction, if one waits awhile, learning can come back

  13. Generalization • Conditioned responses occurring for similar stimuli (even ones that aren’t conditioned) • Example: Children fearing cars and learn to avoid motorcycles and trucks as well

  14. Discrimination • The ability to tell the difference between stimuli • Example: Being afraid of pit bulls but not beagles

  15. Examples of Classical Conditioning • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9hBfnXACsOI (John Watson, Little Albert) • http://teachertube.com/viewVideo.php?title=The_Office_Conditioning&video_id=247611 (The Office)

  16. Aversive Conditioning • Using classical conditioning to keep animals (people) away from harmful substances • Developed by Garcia after studying taste aversions in rats • What things won’t you eat any more?

  17. Applications of Classical Conditioning • Teaching people new things • Psych Therapy • Aversive Conditioning

  18. Operant Conditioning • A type of learning that teaches using reinforcement and punishment

  19. B.F. Skinner • English major who decided to study psychology as a graduate student • Focused on Thorndike’s law of effect: rewarded behaviors will likely be continued • Taught animals tricks

  20. Principles of Operant Conditioning • Reinforcement- Something that causes a behavior to increase • Positive- good behavior results in a reward • Negative- good behavior results in taking away something bad • Punishment- Something that causes a behavior to decrease

  21. Shaping • When behavior is trained through closer and closer approximations

  22. Types of Reinforcement • Primary- innately satisfying (meets a need) • Food • Secondary- paired with primary to become satisfying • Money • Immediate- happens right now • Get a treat for answering a question • Delayed- reward comes in the future • Graduating high school

  23. Reinforcement Schedules • Fixed-ratio- behavior is reinforced after a specific number of responses • You can take a break from homework after completing 2 assignments • Variable-ratio-behavior is reinforced after an unpredictable amount of responses • Traveling salesperson • Fixed-interval-behavior is reinforced for the first desired response after a specific time • Baking time on a cake • Variable-interval-behavior is reinforced for the first desired response after a variable time length • Getting e-mail

  24. Punishment • Reduces behavior • Why? • Applying something undesirable • Taking away something desirable

  25. Motivation • Extrinsic- • Outside of you • Rewards and punishments • Intrinsic- • Inside of you • Event is valuable for its own sake

  26. Legacies of BF Skinner • Computers at school • Rewards at school/work • Child-rearing

  27. Cognition in learning • Sometimes we learn without being conditioned • Known as latent learning

  28. Observational Learning • We learn things from watching others • Monkey see, monkey do

  29. Albert Bandura • Bobo Doll experiment • Children watched a video of an adult beating up a Bobo doll • Children beat up the Bobo doll • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eqNaLerMNOE

  30. Biological Basis? • Mirror Neurons- fire when perform an action or see someone else doing it • Provides the foundation for observational learning

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