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Memory

Memory. Scientific Frontiers Memory Videos How Does Memory Work (1-5). How Many Objects Can You Remember?. Memory. The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information Your memory is your mind’s storehouse, the reservoir of your accumulated learning.

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Memory

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  1. Memory

  2. Scientific Frontiers Memory Videos • How Does Memory Work (1-5)

  3. How Many Objects Can You Remember?

  4. Memory • The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information • Your memory is your mind’s storehouse, the reservoir of your accumulated learning

  5. Information Processing Theory • Encoding – the processing of information into the memory system • Storage – the retention of encoded information over time • Retrieval – the process of getting information out of memory storage

  6. ENCODING

  7. Encoding is the processing of putting information into the memory system – the first step of building a memory is sensory input • Sensory input can occur in two ways: it is either an automatic process, or an effortful process

  8. Automatic Process – some sensory information is encoded without any conscious effort or awareness at all –…..you didn’t have to do anything at the time you were doing these things in order to remember them later

  9. Effortful Processing – while some sensory information is gathered rather simply and without effort, some sensory information gathering requires both your attention and a conscious effort

  10. Two effortful practices that may help to gather (encode) sensory information include rehearsal and spacing

  11. Rehearsal – the conscious repetition of information • Spacing Effect – rehearsing information repeatedly, over time. Spaced studying beats cramming. Rehearse a bit, take a break, begin rehearsing as you start forgetting things, take a break, rehearse again as you begin to forget, etc.

  12. Serial Position Effect – Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list

  13. Semantic Encoding – the encoding of words, definitions, meanings, names, dates, events • Acoustic Encoding – the encoding of sounds • Visual Encoding – the encoding of picture images

  14. Flashbulb Memories – a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

  15. Flashbulb Memories – Do you remember: • Your first day of high school? • Your ____ th birthday? • Your first kiss? • Your first sports accomplishment (homerun, perfect “10”, goal) • Any other singular event?

  16. Mnemonics Memory Shortcuts How to Improve Your Memory

  17. Chunking – Organizing items into smaller, more familiar and manageable units

  18. Who’s coming to the party? Sally, Dave, Sean, Barry, Cindy, Melissa, Rebecca, Tim…… • How to make it easier? Make the list alphabetical. Group the names by gender. • Barry, Cindy, Dave, etc. • Sally, Rebecca, etc…..Dave, Barry, etc.

  19. Encode these 16 numbers? • 1,4,9,2,1,7,7,6,1,8,1,2,1,9,4,1

  20. Much easier if it was 1492, 1776, 1812, 1941

  21. Acronyms – Organizing items by creating words or sentences from the first letters of the words to be remembered, or making words from each letter of the word to be remembered

  22. Need to learn the names of North America’s five “Great Lakes”? • Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior - HOMES

  23. National Basketball Association – NBA • Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus – SCUBA

  24. How does a doctor diagnose Depression? DEAD SWAMP:Depressed mood most of the dayEnergy loss or fatigueAnhedoniaDeath thoughts (recurrent), suicidal ideation or attemptsSleep disturbances (insomnia, hypersomnia)Worthlessness or excessive guiltAppetite or weight changeMentation decreased (ability to think or concentrate, indecisiveness)Psychomotor agitation or retardation

  25. Can’t remember how to spell Arithmetic? • ARat In Toms House Might Eat Toms Ice Cream

  26. Acrostics/First Letter Technique • Take the first letter of each word in a group and form a new, more manageable sentence

  27. My Dear Aunt Sally - mathematical order of operations: Multiply and Divide before you Add and Subtract • Kings Phil Came Over for the Genes Special -(Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Genus, Species)

  28. Try to remember the following: • Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto • Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet • Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital

  29. Substitution Technique • Letters are used to replace numbers, or vice versa

  30. Want to buy a mattress? 1-800-628-8737 • Want love? 1-976-438-5683 • Or, 1-800-MATTRES (leave the last S off for “Savings”) • Or, 1-976-GETLOVE

  31. Acoustic Mnemonics • Acoustical encoding may also enhance the processing of other information by applying rhyme schemes, stories, songs, etc. to the information.

  32. Trying to remember the concept that alcohol lowers inhibitions and encourages socialization?…..”What sobriety conceals, alcohol reveals”. • “If the glove doesn’t fit, you must acquit,” is easily remembered by jurors when a lawyer is fighting for his client’s innocence.

  33. Fifty Nifty States • Thirty days has September; April, June, and November; When short February is done, All the rest have thirty-one. • In fourteen hundred and ninety-two Columbus sailed the Ocean Blue. • "i" before "e," except after "c," or in sounding like "ay" as in "neighbor" or "weigh."

  34. VisualMnemonic • Visual encoding may also enhance the processing of other information. For example, if you are trying to remember a list of grocery items, you may mentally picture a grocery store and place the items in the store (Method of Loci).

  35. Memory Storage: Retaining Information

  36. Remembering Everything Part I • Remembering Everything Part II • Woman Who Cant Forget

  37. Information Processing Theory • Atkinson and Shiffrin’s “Three-Stage Processing” Model • Memories are stored in a three-step process of sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory

  38. Sensory Memory – the immediate, initial recording of sensory information; fleeting, temporary information • Short-Term Memory – activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven-digits of a phone number while you are dialing, and then the information is either stored, or forgotten • Long-term Memory – the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of memories

  39. Sensory Memory • Sensory memory retention is only fleeting and momentary; it is less than a second • Sensory memory retention allows us to remember small, quick bits of information for a very short period of time, though it is not generally encoded

  40. Iconic Memory: Our fleeting photographic memory • Echoic Memory: Our fleeting memory for auditory sensations

  41. Short-Term Memory or Working Memory • Short-term memory has two important characteristics. First, short-term memory can contain at any one time seven, plus or minus two, "chunks" of information. • Second, items remain in short-term memory around ten to thirty seconds. • The ability to hold and manipulate information over a brief period of time. Forgetting can occur rapidly, especially if distracted.

  42. Long-Term Memory • A system in the brain that can store vast amounts of information on a relatively enduring basis • The information can be facts you learned a few minutes ago, personal memories that are decades old, or skills learned with practice.

  43. There are three types of Long Term Memories • Episodic Memory – Memories of specific events, stored in a sequence • Semantic Memory – General knowledge of the world, stored as facts, meanings, or in categories • Procedural Memory – Memories of skills and how to perform them

  44. Long Term Memories can be…. • Explicit Memory – Conscious memories of facts or events we actively tried to remember • Implicit Memories – Memories that are unintentional and are brought to consciousness inadvertently

  45. The average adult has more than a billion bits of information in memory • Storage capacity of long-term memories has been estimated at million times that (1,000,000 X 1,000,000,000)

  46. Storing Memories in the Brain • The hippocampus is relevant to short-term memory especially, like a holding cell until memories can be transferred into long-term memory – especially explicit memory • The cerebellum is primarily responsible for implicit memory storage • The amygdala stores many memories tied to emotions The Hippocampus and Memory

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