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Introduction. Various aspects of human nature Curiosity, pain, pleasure, movement, reasoning, learning, memory, emotion, and madness Neuroscience Study of the brain The Society for Neuroscience. The Origins of Neuroscience. Views of the Brain: Ancient Greece
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Introduction • Various aspects of human nature • Curiosity, pain, pleasure, movement, reasoning, learning, memory, emotion, and madness • Neuroscience • Study of the brain • The Society for Neuroscience
The Origins of Neuroscience • Views of the Brain: Ancient Greece • Correlation between structure and function • Hippocrates • Brain: Involved in sensation; seat of intelligence
The Origins of Neuroscience • Views of the Brain: The Roman Empire • Views of Greek physician Galen: Localization of function • Cerebrum Sensation • Cerebellum Motor • Ventricles ‘Communicating’ fluids
The Origins of Neuroscience • Views of the Brain: The Renaissance • Fluid-mechanical theory of brain function • Philosophical mind-brain problem
The Origins of Neuroscience • Views of the Brain: The Seventeenth andEighteenth Centuries • Gray matter and white matter
The Origins of Neuroscience • Views of the Brain: Renaissance to the Nineteenth Century • Gyri, sulci, and fissures
The Origins of Neuroscience • Views of the Brain: The Nineteenth Century • Central subdivision: brain and spinal cord • Peripheral division: network of nerves coursing through the body
The Origins of Neuroscience • Views of the Brain: The Nineteenth Century • Nerve as wires, understanding of electrical phenomena, nervous system can generate electricity • Bell and Magendie: Dorsal and ventral roots carry information in opposite directions
The Origins of Neuroscience • Localization of Function in the Brain • Charles Bell • Cerebellum: Origin of the motor fibers • Cerebrum: Destination of sensory fibers • Marie-Jean-Pierre Flourens • Experimental ablation method
Localization of function from brain injury/stroke Example: Phineus Gage
The Origins of Neuroscience • Localization of Function in the Brain (Cont’d) • Paul Broca • Discrete region of the human cerebrum for speech
The Origins of Neuroscience • Localization of Function in the Brain • Franz Joseph Gall • Phrenology: Bumps on the surface of skull reflect brain surface and related personality traits
The Origins of Neuroscience • Localization of Function in the Brain (Cont’d) • Regional specialization in different species
The Origins of Neuroscience • Evolution of the Nervous System • Natural selection • Nervous systems of different species may share common mechanisms • Rationale for “animal models”
The Origins of Neuroscience • The Neuron: The Basic Functional Unit of the Brain • Cell theory • Cells • Nerve cells
Neuroscience Today • Reductionist approach • Levels of analysis • Molecular • Cellular • Systems • Behavioral • Cognitive
Concluding Remarks • Goal of neuroscience:To learn how the nervous system functions • Brain’s activity reflected in behavior • Computer-assisted imaging techniques • New treatments for nervous system disorders • Non-invasive methods • Experiments in live tissue
The Origins of Neuroscience • Prehistoric ancestors • Brain vital to life • Skull surgeries • Evidence: Trepanation • Skulls show signs of healing • Views of ancient Egypt • Heart: Seat of soul and memory (not the head)
Neuroscience Today • The Neuroscientist -Education, Training, Research experience -Clinical vs. Experimental research
Neuroscience Today • Scientific Process • Observation • Replication • Interpretation • Verification
Neuroscience Today • The Use of Animals in Neuroscience Research • Animals: Renewable natural resources • The more basic the process under investigation, the more distant the evolutionary relationship with humans • Examples (from simple to more complex) - nematodes, insects, snails, squid, rodents, monkeys, etc.
Neuroscience Today • The Cost of Ignorance: Nervous System Disorders