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Cell Division: Anatomy of a Chromosome and Cell Cycle

Explore the structure of chromosomes and the phases of the cell cycle, including the significance of DNA replication, mitosis, and cytokinesis. Learn about cell growth limits, events in each phase, and impacts of cancer on cell division.

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Cell Division: Anatomy of a Chromosome and Cell Cycle

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  1. Cell DivisionChapter 10

  2. Anatomy of a Chromosome

  3. Chromosome- coils of DNA and proteins Centromere- where the two chromatids attach Chromatid- two exact copies of DNA that make up a chromosome

  4. Limits to Cell Growth • DNA Overload • The larger a cell becomes, the more demands the cell places on its DNA • Exchanging Material • The cell has trouble moving enough nutrients and wastes across the cell membrane if the cell is too big. • Surface Area:Volume ratio can’t be too small

  5. Cell Cycle • Interphase (inter- means “between”) • G1 phase – Cell growth • S phase – DNA replication • G2 phase – preparation for cell division • Cells are in interphase most of the time. • M phase • Mitosis: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis • G0 phase • Cells that cannot divide like nerve cells, red blood cells, and cardiac cells

  6. Cell Cycle

  7. Pair of centrioles Prophase A? B? C? D? • What are the important events happening during Prophase? Plant cells in prophase

  8. Pair of centrioles Prophase Plant cells in prophase • Chromosomes condense into sister chromatids • Chromatids are joined by a centromere • Centrioles appear and form mitotic spindle • Nucleolus disappears and nuclear envelope dissolves • Longest phase of mitosis (50-60%)

  9. Metaphase A? B? C? D? • What events are occurring during Metaphase? Animal cell Plant cell

  10. Metaphase • Centrioles on opposite ends of the cell • Microtubules of mitotic spindle attach to the centromeres • Chromosomes line up across the middle (equator) of the cell Animal cell Plant cell

  11. Anaphase A? B? C? D? • What important events are occurring at Anaphase? Early anaphase (plant) Late anaphase (plant) Anaphase (animal)

  12. Anaphase • Sister chromatids separate • Chromosomes migrate to opposite ends of the cell Early anaphase (plant) Late anaphase (plant) Anaphase (animal)

  13. Telophase Plant cell Animal cell A? B? C? D? • What important events happen during Telophase?

  14. Telophase Plant cell Animal cell • Chromosomes begin to disperse • Nuclear envelopes reform • Mitotic spindle breaks apart

  15. Cytokinesis Difficult to distinguish from telophase In animal cells the cell membrane pinches in forming two daughter cells In plant cells a cell plate forms between the daughter nuclei and a new cell wall forms at the cell plate Animal cell Plant cell

  16. Which stage is each photo in?? How do you know??

  17. Interphase Now its YOUR turn!  What are the important events at each phase? G1 phase –?? S phase –?? G2 phase –?? What types of cells would be in G0 phase??

  18. Cancer • Uncontrolled cell growth • Caused by smoking, exposure to radiation or certain chemicals, some viruses • Cancer cells smother normal cells • Treatment options • Surgery to remove tumor • Radiation therapy to halt cell division • Chemotherapy to halt cell division

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