HOW DRUGS AFFECT THE BODY First of all, what is the definition of a drug?

1. HOW DRUGS AFFECT THE BODY • First of all, what is the definition of a drug? • A drug is any chemical substance that, when absorbed by the body causes a chemical change to the body. • That means by definition, chocolate, is a drug. So, how do drugs affect the body? There are three ways: • Drug factors - properties of the drug itself and differences in how it is used. • a. pharmacological properties - overall effect on a person's chemistry, behavior, and psychology. • b. dose-response - (HOW MUCH?)how much of the drug do you need to feel the effect of the drug?

2. c. time-action - (HOW LONG?) how much time has elapsed before you feel the effects of the drug? • d. cumulative (HOW DOES IT CHANGE OVER TIME?) May be different from a single dose, because over time, long term use of a drug alters the drugs effect on the body. • e. method of usehas direct effect on the strength to response a drug produces: • Ingestion eaten orally • Inhalation • Injection (IV - intravenous, IM - intramuscular, SQ - subcutaneous • Absorption - through skin or tissue lining

3. 2. User Factors - How well a person responds to a particular drug. Body mass, general health, genetic factors, and immediate physical condition . 3. Social Factors - The "set" or the user expectation about how he/she is going to respond to a drug. ( the physical or the social environment surrounding the drug use.

4. TOBACCO

5. Tobacco is a plant that contains nicotine. Tobacco that has been dried and shredded then wrapped in paper is called cigarettes. When you light up a cigarette there are over 4,000 estimated chemical compounds in the tobacco smoke. Some of the chemicals produced when a person lights up a cigarette include: Tar - like the stuff you find to repair roads Nicotine - acts as a stimulant and causes addiction Methane - colorless, odorless, flammable gas Benzene - flammable liquid from petroleum Ammonia - colorless gas Carbon monoxide - poisonous, odorless, colorless gas Carbon dioxide - a gas that is the primary waste given off during burning Formaldehyde - used in embalming Nitrosamines - cancer causing agent

6. Some of the things that tobacco companies put into cigarettes that you consume when you light up: Arsenic - used in rat poison Acetic Acid - vinegar, hair dye and developer Acetone - main ingredient in paint and finger nail polish remover Ammonia - typical household cleaner Butane - found in cigarette lighter fluid Cadmium - found in batteries and artists' oil paint Hexamine - a major ingredient in barbeque light fluid Naphthalene - used in explosives, moth balls and paint pigments Nitrobenzene - a gasoline additve Phenol - used in disinfectants and plastics Stearic Acid - found in candle wax Styrene - found in insulation material (styrofoam) Vinyl Chloride - ingredient found in garbage bags

7. WHAT NICOTINE DOES TO THE BODY (THE PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECTS) 1. Direct stimulator to the receptor transmitter acetylcholine(a compoundthat transmits nerve impulses across intercellular gaps and forms salts used to lower blood pressure and increase peristalsis) 2. Increases blood pressure 3. Increases heart rate 4. Releases epinephrine ( adrenaline) a hormone released from the adrenal glands 5. Increases gastro-intestinal activity 6. Stimulates the CNS (central nervous system) *as with all stimulant drugs, stimulation of the brain is followed by a period of depression, which leads to the urge to re-stimulate (in this case, to smoke another cigarette).

8. What are the effects of carbon monoxide and nicotine on the heart from cigarette smoke? Carbon Monoxide decreases the amount of oxygen delivered to the heart. Nicotine, because it is a stimulant,increasesthe amount ofwork done by the heart. Carbon monoxide and nicotine increases the incidence of atherosclerosis (narrowing of the arteries) and thrombosis (clotting) Chronic smoking leads to a smoker's syndrome characterized by: chest pain, lung congestion, wheezing, and more respiratory infections.

9. HEALTH CONSEQUENCES FROM SMOKING Increased consequences from smoking & increased death rate due to: CANCER - lung, pancreas, voice box, mouth, throat, urinary, and bladder. HEART ATTACKS are secondary to coronary artery disease. Chronic lung infections from BRONCHITIS & EMPHYSEMA.

10. Nicotine and Dependency When a person develops a tolerance (when the bodyadapts to the repeated effects of a drug, causing increases to daily doses to achieve to the same effect) at first, it is due to the desired effect to feel the stimulation that nicotine causes. Later, it is to lessen the cravings for nicotine. There is two types of dependency: Physiologicalwhen the body wants the nicotine Psychological when the mind "craves" or "needs" the drug. Which one is harder to overcome???????

11. WITHDRAWAL Withdrawal will occur if the drug (nicotine) is stopped being administered. Withdrawal may cause: nausea, sweating, clammy skin, headache, insomnia, tremors, increased appetite, and irritability.

12. TOBACCO FACTS Cigars and pipes contain more tar and other harmful chemicals than cigarettes produce. As a result, pipe and cigar smokers have a HIGHER incidence of cancer of the lip, mouth, and throat. Tobacco companies spend more than $6 billion on cigarette advertising and promotion each year! This figures out to nearly $18 million dollars every day! Considering these figures, imagine how much money is spent every day by smokers who purchase them! 400,000 Americans dies each year from tobacco related causes.

13. Worldwide, smoking related health problems will kill one in five people! A pack of cigarettes today costs nearly $4.00 a pack. If you smoked a pack of cigarettes every day for a year at this price, you would spend $1,456.00! If you quit smoking abruptly - all at once without tapering off, this is called "cold turkey." If you have an addiction to smoking cigarettes it will probably be both a physiological dependence which occurs when a person develops a tolerance to the effects of a drug and needs larger and larger doses to achieve the desired effect (BODY). AND……

14. It will also probably be a psychological dependence which is the strong craving for a drug because it produces a pleasurable feeling or relieves stress/anxiety (MIND). HOW TOBACCO AFFECTS THE MIND Tobacco hasmany effects on many different body systems: Nervous system: Changes brain wave patterns (nicotine spreads to the nervous system within 8 to 10 seconds of your first inhalation) Alters mood -regulating chemicals Stimulates cravings for more nicotine

15. Circulatory/Cardiovascular System: Increasesheart rate Increases blood pressure (by constricting blood vessels) Affects the oxygen-carrying ability of hemoglobin (so less oxygen reaches the heart) Respiratory System: Damages the alveoli (air sacs) which hinders the lungs ability to bring in oxygen and remove carbon dioxide. Increasesmucus secretion in the bronchial tubes, which narrows air passages (causes hacking cough and shortness of breath). Destroys the cilia (tiny hairlike structures that filter out harmful particles) allowing harmful particles to settle in the air passages.

16. Digestive System: Increases levels of sugar, lactic acid, and fat derived substances in the blood. Dulls taste buds. Irritates the membranes of the mouth & throat. COMPONENTS OF BLOOD Plasma is the liquid component. Red Blood Cells (RBC's) carry oxygen to the cells of the body (carbon monoxide gas displaces oxygen form the hemoglobin, which is the oxygen carrying molecules in the red blood cells).

17. White Blood Cells (WBC's) fight infections/diseases in the body. (chemical in cigarette smoke to switch on a particular gene in the lung cells, which produces an enzyme that helps manufacture powerful carcinogens, which set the stage for cancer. 85 - 90% of all Lung Cancer cases are caused by smoking). THREE TYPES OF BLOOD VESSELS: Arteries: carry blood AWAY from the heart. Veins: carry blood back TO the heart. Capillaries: are the smallest vessels that connect the arteries and veins. Smoking increases your heart rate and blood pressure by constricting blood vessels, which is why when you smoke you increase your risk for heart disease!

18. A definition of constriction or constriction is: A compression or a narrowing of (in this case) the arteries. Therefore, a vasoconstriction would mean Narrowing of the blood vessels.