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Incarcerated Women: Data, Perinatal Health Concerns,& Promising Practices

Explore the perinatal health concerns of incarcerated women in the U.S., with insights on prenatal care, labor, delivery, and postpartum needs. Learn about the impact of family separation, reunification, and reentry post-incarceration. Discover the statistics on maternal imprisonment, pregnancy in prison, and the lack of mandatory care standards. Find out about shackling practices during labor, promising legislation, and promising practices for supporting the perinatal health of incarcerated women.

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Incarcerated Women: Data, Perinatal Health Concerns,& Promising Practices

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  1. Incarcerated Women: Data, Perinatal Health Concerns,& Promising Practices Megan Canady, MSW, MSPH UNC Center for Maternal and Infant Health Perinatal Partnership Conference September 24, 2019

  2. Rise in Women’s Incarceration, 1980-2017 Sources: Bureau of Justice Statistics: Historical Corrections Statistics in the United States, 1850-1984; Prison and Jail Inmates at Midyear Series (1997-2017), Prisoners Series (1986-2018). Washington, DC.

  3. Women Under Control of the U.S. Corrections System, 2016-2017 Source: Bronson, J., and Carson E.A. (2019). Prisoners in 2017. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics; Zeng, Z. (2019). Jail Inmates in 2017. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics; Kaeble, D. (2018). Probation and Parole in the United States, 2016. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.

  4. Offense Type by Gender in State Prisons, 2016 Source: Bronson, J., and Carson, E.A. (2019). Prisoners in 2017. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.

  5. Female Imprisonment Rate per 100,000, by Race and Ethnicity, 2000-2017 Source: Prisoners Series. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.

  6. Girls Comprise a Growing Proportion of All Teen Arrests, 1980-2017 Source: OJJDP Statistical Briefing Book. Online. Available: http://www.ojjdp.gov/ojstatbb/crime/JAR_Display. asp?ID=qa05230&selOffenses=1. October 22, 2018.

  7. Incarceration and Perinatal Health Prenatal Care Labor and Delivery Postpartum Care Care for Infant Family Separation Reunification/Reentry

  8. Jail Will Separate 2.3 Million Mothers from Their Children this Year 2,879,000 women are jailed in the U.S. each year • 80% of them are mothers • 25% have children under the age of 5 • Nearly 150,000 of women are pregnantwhen they are admitted to jail Sources: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Crime in the United States 2016

  9. Report on Pregnancy in Prison A sample of prisons that house 57% of imprisoned women in the U.S. were surveyed from 2016-2017 1,396 People were Pregnant at Intake 46 Miscarriages 2 Ectopic Pregnancies 3 Newborn Deaths 753Live Births 0 Maternal Deaths 4 Stillbirths 11 Abortions Live births: Preterm births=6% Cesarean deliveries=30% There are NO mandatory standards of care for pregnant people in U.S. prisons or jails Source: Carolyn Sufrin, Lauren Beal, Jennifer Clarke, Rachel Jones, William D. Mosher. Pregnancy Outcomes in US Prisons, 2016–2017. American Journal of Public Health, 2019; e1 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2019.305006

  10. Shackling During Labor • The Federal Government has banned the practice for federal prisons • 22 States have laws against the practice • North Carolina has a policy against the practice • South Carolina is one of six states that has NO policy or law against the practice • Promising legislation for both states regarding shackling practices North Carolina: H.B. 988 South Carolina: H.3967

  11. Nationally, about 1 in 8 of all individuals released from state prisons, and more than 1 in 6 jail releases, are women. Sources and data notes: Bureau of Justice Statistics National Corrections Reporting Program: 1991-2016, Selected Variables, Prison Releases and, for Vermont, CSAT-Prisoners Custom tables, Count of total releases. Data for all states are from 2016 except for New Mexico (2015), North Dakota (2015), and Oregon (2013).

  12. Promising Practices Bail Reform Lactation Support Programs Activism and Advocacy Doula Projects Behavioral and Mental Health Treatment Visitation Programs Reentry Programs

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