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Geschichte des amerikanischen Films

Teil 2/2: 1960-2013. Geschichte des amerikanischen Films. Übergang vom alten zum neuen Hollywood. Beginn Ende der 1940er Jahre Ende frühe 1970er Jahre. Auswirkungen des Fernsehens :. beschleunigte “ Auflösung ” der Majors neue Technologien (Widescreen) Feature Film verändert sich.

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Geschichte des amerikanischen Films

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  1. Teil 2/2: 1960-2013 Geschichte des amerikanischen Films

  2. Übergang vom alten zum neuen Hollywood • Beginn Ende der 1940er Jahre • Ende frühe 1970er Jahre PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  3. Auswirkungen des Fernsehens: • beschleunigte “Auflösung” der Majors • neueTechnologien (Widescreen) • Feature Film verändertsich PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  4. USA in den 1960er Jahren • Attentate: JFK, Robert Kennedy, Martin Luther King, Malcom X • Civil Rights Bill 64 • Kubakrise, Vietnamkrieg, Antiwar protests • JFK, Lyndon B. Johnson • Riot democratic party convention 1968 Chicago • sexual revolution, Antibaby-Pille 1960 • Jugendkultur PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  5. Hollywood in den 1960er Jahren • double bill verschwindet • weniger Filme • Risiko steigt • 1961: ¾ derFilmeverlieren Geld • profit margins increased exponentially • 1895-1960: 20 Filme more than 10 Mill. • 1960-1969: 60 Filme PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  6. Runaway Productions • 1960: 40% of all movies financed by Hollywood majors were shot overseas • UK, Italien und Frankreich: direct governmental subsidies • incompetent and/or inefficient foreign crews, language • Lawrence of Arabia 1962 • Dr. Strangelove 1964 • Struggle with SAG (Actor's guild) • unemployment among technicians and production personnel 40% PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  7. Fernsehen • 1949: 2% der US-HaushaltebesitzenFernseher • 1959: 86 % • Columbia und Universal erste Studios die TV-Programmproduzieren, Movies for TV • Endeder 1960er: mehrFilmefürs TV alsfürs Kino • Networks: ABC, CBS, NBC • 1967: CBS kauft Republic facilities 17 • self-produced feature length movie production • SAG not to oppose CBS or ABC PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  8. Schauspieler • SAG Streik 1960 • Health and welfare plan • 6% of producers net revenues from sale of old films • sale of pre-1948 films • actors as producers • percentage deals • Bryna Productions: Kirk Douglas • Batjac Prod. Company: John Wayne PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  9. Independent filmmaking • 7 Majors: 2/3 allerFilme, so gut wiealle first-run Filme • 1958: 50% independent • 1960: 75% independent • 165 Produktionsfirmen • Lawyers and agents • from making movies to financing them • distribution • 1963 Film Production Steuererleichterung • Hits tragenfinanziell die Flops nichtmehr • agents, actors, writers, directors, financiers werdenProduzenten PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  10. American International Pictures (AIP) • Samuel Z. Arkhoff and Ben Nicholson • Roger Corman • Low budget • Teenage audience • The Wild Angels 1966 • Peter Fonda, Nancy Sinatra • Largest grossing low budget film, Venice film festival • Easy Rider 1969 • Fonda, Hopper, Nicholson • Most successful independent production of the 60s • Distribution deal with Columbia PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  11. Ausverkauf • MCA kauft Universal 1962 • Gulf & Western kauft Paramount 1966 • TransAmerican Corp. (Bank of America) kauft UA 1967 • Seven Artsmergermit WB 1967 • Kirk Kerkorian kauft MGM 1969 PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  12. Paramount • Gulf and Western • Desilu (TV production) • Madison Square garden • Basketball and hockey team • Holiday on ice • Simon and Schuster • Robert Evans • Rosemary's Baby 1968 PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  13. 20th Century Fox • Sold its lot – Century City • Cleopatra 1963 • Walter Wanger • 40 Mill. Dollar • Skouras fired • 1965 Sound of Music • Doctor Dolittle 1967 und Star! 1968 floppen PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  14. Columbia • British co-prod.: • Lawrence of Arabia, A Man for All Seasons 66, Oliver! 68 • Sidney Poitier • In the Heat of the Night 1967 • Guess Who's Coming to Dinner 1967 • Easy Rider 1969 • Funny Girl 1968 PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  15. UA • UK co.-prod: • Tom Jones 1963, A Shot in the Dark 1964, A Hard Day's Night 1964 • Bond-Filme • Midnight Cowboy 1969 PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  16. MGM • Back lot, props, music library werdenverkauft • MGM Grand Hotel und Casino in Las Vegas PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  17. Kinopublikum • Rising marriage and birth rates • MehrFreizeit • Mehrheit lebt in den Vorstädten • Unabhängige Kinobesitzer • Vorstädtesind fast ausschließlichweiß (WASP) • Segregation wird 1964 juristischbeendet • Frauen warenseitdemEnde des 1. WKs die MehrheitimPublikum • das verbleibene Publikum wird jünger und männlicher PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  18. Arthouses and Festivals • 500 nationwide in den frühen 1960er Jahren • studentisches Publikum • large cities or towns with students • by the 1970s growth was over • mix of foreign film and low budget American features labeled "independent“ • Film Festival • New York Film Festival seit 1963 im Lincoln Center • Amos Vogel • ErsteSeminareimRahmen des Festivals • Film generation • Vogel: “for young people (film) is their art – the 20th century art form” PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  19. Kinokultur, Festivals • film festivals, college courses, writings • Andrew Sarris, Pauline Kael, Stanley Kauffmann • Foreign films PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  20. Kinos • Drive ins • Multiplex • 1960: 25 Kinos • shopping center theater • two small theaters, single projection booth • In den nächsten 20 Jahren (von 1963 angefangen) 218 Kinosmit 2.700 screens • 1966: über 500 werdengebaut, alle suburban multiplexes • Endeder 1960er RenovierungderälterenKinos in Multiplexe PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  21. AcademyAwards • TV macht die Verleihungzumglobalen Event • Bob Hope • Kodak sponsored • 1966 zum 1. Mal in Farbe • sw und Farbe cinematography • 1966 verschobenwg. Martin Luther King • Dorothy Chandler Pavilion • mehrModeratoren PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  22. 1963 best actor: SidneyPoitier PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  23. AcademyAwards für Afro-AmerikanerInnen Actor in a LeadingRole • 1963: SidneyPoitier (Lilies of theField) • 2001: Denzel Washington (Training Day) • 2004: Jamie Foxx (Ray) • 2006: ForestWhitacker (The Last King of Scotland) PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  24. Actress in a LeadingRole • 2001: Halle Berry (Monster‘s Ball) Actor in SupportingRole • 1982: Lou Gossett Jr. (An Officier and a Gentleman) • 1989: Denzel Washington (Glory) • 1996: Cuba Gooding Jr. (Jerry Maguire) • 2004: Morgan Freeman (Million Dollar Baby) PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  25. Actress in a SupportingRole • 1939: Hattie McDaniel (GoneWiththe Wind) • 1990: Whoopie Goldberg (Ghost) • 2006: Jennifer Hudson (Dreamgirls) • 2009: Mo‘Nique (Precious) • 2011: Octavia Spencer (TheHelp) PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  26. Production Code • The French Line 1954 in 3D condemned • Splendor in the Grass 61, Kazan, released without a seal • The Pawnbroker 1965 • Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? 1966 • Blow Up 19 66, MGM vertreibt den Film ohne Siegel • Bonnie and Clyde 1967 • Eric Johnston MPAA erwägt 1961 erstmals den Ersatz des Codes durchein Rating System • 1966 Jack Valentiwird MPAA President PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  27. Rating System • tritt am 1.11.1968 in Kraft • G • M (spatter PG) • R • X (spatter NC-17) • X : The Damned 1969, Midnight Cowboy 1969, A Clockwork Orange 1971 • erst in den 1970ern steht X für Porno PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  28. RatingSytem PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  29. Kamera • James Wong Howe • Hud1963 • Robert Surtees • My Fair Lady 1964 • Graduate 1967 • Burnett Guffey • Bonnie and Clyde PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  30. Kamera • Haskell Wexler • In the Heat of the Night 1967 • Thomas Crown Affair 1968 • Medium Cool 1969 • Laszlo Kovacs • Easy Rider 1969 • William Fraker • Rosemary's Baby 1968 • Bullitt 1968 PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  31. EugenShuftan: TheHustler 1961 PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  32. Robert Surtees PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  33. Innovativer Schnitt ASL average shot length von 1958 -63 von 11 Sekunden auf 9,3 Sekunden • 1963-69: 7,7 Sekunden • Anne Coates • Lawrence of Arabia 1962 • keinefades und dissolves mehr, associational montage, slow motion, freeze frame • Shorter shots, Quickened narrative pace, Influence by TV and experimental film PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  34. split screen • Boston Strangler 1968 • Woodstock 1970 PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  35. Dede Allen • The Hustler 1961 • America, America 1963 • Bonnie and Clyde 1967 PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  36. George Tomasini • Rear Window 1954 • Psycho 1960 PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  37. Sound • Automatic dialogue replacement (ADR) • Dubbing became more sophisticated and polished • Off-Screen Sound • Lawrence of Arabia 1962 • Overlapping dialogue sound • Dolby PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  38. Musik • 1958 entlassen die Studios ihreMusiker • Jazz • Alex North • A Streetcar Named Desire 1951 • Elmer Bernstein • The Man with the Golden Arm 1955 • Quincy Jones • The Pawnbroker 1965 • In the Heat of the Night, In Cold Blood 1967 • Duke Ellington • Anatomy of a Murder 1959 PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  39. Musik • Henry Mancini • Peter Gunn (TV Serie) • Breakfast at Tiffany's 1961 • Experiment in Terror 1962 • Days of Wine and Roses 1962 • Pink Panther 1963 • Bernhard Hermann • Birds 1963 • Seven Days in May 1964 • Psycho 1960 PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  40. Musik • 2001: Odyssee in Space: temp track Alex North Score nichtverwendet • song scoring • The Graduate 1967 • Alice's Restaurant 1969, Arlo Guthrie • Zabriskie Point 1970 Pink Floyd • Easy Rider 1969 • Midnight Cowboy (Harry Nilson) • Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (Burt Bacharach) PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  41. Musik • John Barry • Lalo Schifrin • Michel Legrand • Jerry Goldsmith • Soundtrack-Alben PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  42. Schauspielerinnen • Doris Day • Most profitable star 1960-65, danachnichtmehrunter den top ten • Elizabeth Taylor • 1960: 750.000 $ Butterfield 8, Oscar • Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf 66 • Natalie Wood • Splendor in the Grass 61 • West Side Story 621 • Audrey Hepburn • Breakfast at Tiffany's 61 • My Fair Lady 64 PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  43. Schauspielerinnen • Julie Andrews • Mary Poppins64  • Sound of Music 65 • S.O.B. 81 • Shirley MacLaine • Faye Dunaway • Kathrine Ross • Jane Fonda • Barefoot in the Park 67 • Barbarella68 • They Shoot Horses don't they? 69 • Barbra Streisand • Funny Girl 68 PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  44. Schauspieler • Paul Newman • Hustler 61 • Hud 63 • Cool Hand Luke 67 • Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid 69 • Warren Beatty • Splendor in the Grass • Lilith 64 • Mickey One 65 • Steve McQueen • Magnificent seven 60 • Great Escape 62 • Cincinnatti Kid 65 • Bullitt 67 • Thomas Crown affair 68 • Dustin Hoffmann • The Graduate 67 • Midnight cowboy 69  PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  45. Schauspieler • Sidney Poitier • Defiant Ones 58 • Lilies of the field 63 • Guess who's coming to diner 67 • In the heat of the night 67 • Jerry Lewis • Woody Allen und Mel Brooks PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  46. Oscars • PR campaigns • Wayne's The Alamo nomination for best picture • The Apartment • West Side Story • Lawrence of Arabia • Tom Jones • My Fair Lady • Sound of Music • A Man for All Seasons • In the Heat of the Night • Midnight Cowboy PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  47. Western • Lonely Are the Brave 62 • Butch Cassidy and Sundance Kid 69 • True Grit 69 • Wild Bunch 69 PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  48. 1967 • Cool Hand Luke • Graduate • Bonnie and Clyde • The Graduate: • 72% unter 24 • 24 % 24-30 Jahre • Pauline Kael PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  49. New Hollywood • Autorenkino • Blockbuster PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

  50. Ausverkauf • Universal – MCA 1962 • ParamountGulf and Western 1966 • UA TransAmerica 1967 • WB Kinney National Service Corp. 1969 • MGM Kirk Kerkorian 1969 PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

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