Habermas

1. Habermas defender of the ideals of modernism / Enlightenment but critical of de facto modernity in order to show pathology of modernity, has to extend idea of reason rationally ground normative principles

2. Habermas� approach critical social science / immanent critique widely read German philosophy American pragmatism analytical philosophy developmental psychology social theory

3. Frankfurt School emancipatory power of reason - Marx scepticism in Frankfurt School history Max Weber Zweckrationalit�t (means-ends rationality) Iron cage of bureaucracy Adorno and Horkheimer�s Dialectic of Enlightenment

4. Knowledge and Human Interests critique of positivism technical knowledge not the only form of knowledge knowledge determined by �quasi-transcendental cognitive interests�

5. Knowledge and Human Interests empirical-analytical sciences - technical cognitive interest historical-hermeneutic sciences -practical cognitive interest critically oriented sciences - emancipatory cognitive interest weakness - reliance on �philosophy of subject� - need for �linguistic turn�

6. Communicative Action Communication and the Evolution of Society (CES), published 1976 Theory of Communicative Action (TCA, 2 vols), published 1981

7. CES Chapter 1 - Universal Pragmatics reconstruct universal rules underlying communicative competence Wants to distinguish: strategic action (oriented to success, purposive-rational) communicative action (oriented to reaching understanding

8. CES Chapter 1 - Universal Pragmatics Model of communication that embeds utterances in three different pragmatic relations to reality: representing facts (�the� world of external nature) establishing legitimate interpersonal relations (�our� world of society) expressing one�s own subjectivity (�my� world of internal nature)

9. CES Chapter 1 - Universal Pragmatics These make corresponding validity claims: truth rightness truthfulness

10. CES Chapter 1 - Universal Pragmatics Other forms of rationality as lesser strategic action suspends validity claim of truthfulness symbolic action suspends validity claim of truth So it gives him his immanent principles for critique - distorted communication

11. CES Chapter 2 - Moral Development preconventional level, reward and punishment stage 1 (punishment/obedience) stage 2 (instrumental hedonism) conventional level, social recognition, shame stage 3 (good boy orientation) stage 4 (law and order orientation) post-conventional level, impersonal moral principles, conscience, guilt stage 5 (social-contractual legalism) stage 6 (ethical-principled orientation)

12. CES Chapter 3 - Societal Development rationalisation in instrumental rationality (economy, technology) rationalisation in communicative rationality (reason, law, morality) links ontogenesis (personal development) with social development

13. System and lifeworld (TCA) system - impersonal institutions of bureaucracy and markets - coordinated through strategic rationality lifeworld - world of shared human meanings, - coordinated through communicative rationality system colonises lifeworld and threatens communicative action

14. Social movements Social movements as defence of lifeworld and communicative rationality Distinguishes emancipatory movements (e.g. women's movement) resistance movements defending interests (e.g. NIMBY) resistance to commercial and bureaucratic power (e.g. green mvts)

15. Discourse ethics Kantian ethics formal / procedural, universal made social - dialogical, not monological made historical - social evolution

16. Discourse ethics oriented towards understanding and consensus possibility of unforced consensus and coordination of actions not negotiation of private interests but deliberation about public good ideal speech situation

17. Fonte: http://domino.lancs.ac.uk/ieppp/IEP422.nsf/0/81a62fdc26dc8bc180256c6a005a6815/Body/M3/Habermas.ppt?OpenElement