A New Artificial Intelligence 1

1. A New Artificial Intelligence 1 Kevin Warwick

2. Real AI • We want to study afresh what artificial intelligence is all about • We will look at what intelligence is • We will look at Classical AI • We will look at different forms of AI • Key is to open your mind to the different possibilities for intelligence • Try to not be human-centric.

3. Intelligence • What is intelligence in humans? • What is intelligence in animals? • What is intelligence in machines? • Important aspects of mental make up must be considered - myths chopped down to size. • What is the intelligence of a spider? • How would an alien regard human intelligence? • Subjective nature of intelligence is important.

4. ‘Intelligence’ Definitions • New English Dictionary,1932, “The exercise of understanding: intellectual power: acquired knowledge: quickness of intellect.” • Macmillan Encyclopedia,1995, “Intelligence is the ability to reason and to profit by experience. An individual’s level of intelligence is determined by a complex interaction between their heredity and environment.”

5. Human Intelligence? • In 1900’s, Binet (inventor of the IQ test) picked judgement, common sense, initiative and adaptability as “essential ingredients of intelligence”. • Intelligence has even been linked with spiritual awareness or emotions. • Intelligence in humans is not the only intelligence. • Comparing intellectual ability between humans -standard tests of one type or another are useful. • We must consider intelligence in a broader sense.

6. Animal Intelligence • Intelligence involves communication, planning and (possibly) initiative, reasoning and quickness of intellect. • We can consider human versions of these, but let’s also consider other animals!

7. Bee Intelligence • Bees exhibit individual behaviors in a tightly knit society. • Communicate with a dance • Bee returns from pollen collection it wiggles its bottom and moves in a straight line • Distance moved is proportional to the distance of the pollen source - angle moved is angle between the source and the sun

8. Spider Intelligence • Over 30,000 species of spider, each with its own specialties. • Water spiders live in ponds and build an air filled diving bell out of silk. • Wait, underwater, for prey - shrimps • Then the spider pounces - delivers a fatal bite - pulls the prey into its lair - devours it.

9. Learning + Tools • Many creatures have been witnessed learning. • An octopus is trained to choose between objects - a second (watching) octopus can then carry out the exact same decision making process • Many creatures use tools. • Herons drop morsels of food into water where fish are ‘expected’ to be. When the fish swims to take the bait, the heron catches it.

10. Brain Size • Direct comparisons can be made in terms of brain size, numbers of brain cells and complexity. • A human brain has approximately 100 billion neurons - a sea slug’s brain has 8 or 9 neurons. • Brain size can be used to ‘prove’ all sorts of results. • Germany, 1911 - min requirement for a professor, head circumference of 52 cms. Used to discriminate against women. A medical physicist of the time said “We do not have to ask for the head circumference of women of genius – they do not exist.” • Gustave Le Bon noted that women have brains closer in size to gorillas than to those of men!

11. Political Correctness • These serve as examples of using a measure to come to a desired conclusion • This must be avoided in studying intelligence, yet it appears time and time again • Also - We should not overlook observable differences because they are not politically correct – Race/Yerkes!

12. Sensing & Movement • Intelligence also depends on how a brain senses and activates things in the world. • Humans sense approx 5% of the signals • If another being senses the world differently they are not better or worse, merely different. • It is wrong to say that a creature or machine is stupid because it cannot make a cup of tea (Tylden) – this is a human task. Only in comparing humans should such a task even be considered as some measure.

13. What is Intelligence? • Mental processes sufficient for life. • Ability to make appropriate and timely choices – Ross Ashby. • ‘the variety of information processing processes that collectively enable a being to pursue autonomously its survival’

14. Alien View • You are an alien inspecting earth from afar. • What are the intelligent life forms on earth? • Vehicles, networks, water, clouds, animals, bacteria, televisions? • You might apply some tests based on your own concepts of life form and intelligence. • On your planet the main sensory input could be infra red signals – so your view of earth may not include humans as an intelligent life form

15. Life • Considering what humans define as the basics of life can lead to strange conclusions. • E.g. nutrition, excretion, movement, growth, irritability, respiration, production. • From an alien standpoint a communications network satisfies these qualities. It could be concluded that a complex global networked intelligence is being served by small drone like simple beings, with smaller brains – humans

16. Subjective Intelligence • What we regard as being an intelligent act, and what not, is very subjective • Human centred – e.g. jokes • Animal centred – bat’s ultrasonic sense • Machine centred – maths, memory

17. Subjectivity - examples • When a puppy walks by the side of a person, this can be considered to be an intelligent thing • Maybe the puppy is satisfying a programme • When a human can rapidly calculate maths or remember facts these can be regarded as intelligent acts – or they could be regarded as entertainment • Between species - big problem of comparison.

18. Use science not fashion • Between humans we need to retain a scientific basis for our analysis rather than pamper to social stereotypes. • Why is knowledge about politics, classical music or fine art more indicative of intelligence than knowledge about soccer, pop music or pornography?

19. Mozart? • Why does playing music by Mozart to a baby in the womb make the baby more intelligent, whereas playing Rolling Stones music is dangerous? • Is there any scientific basis at all for such conclusions? No. Where are the conclusive scientific studies that have shown these things to be so? There are none.

20. Social Bias • A social bias runs through human educational systems - results in values associated with subjects • An individual can be regarded as being stupid because they do not know a particular fact, cannot carry out a mathematical calculation or deal with some aspect of everyday life. • But this merely represents one aspect of their intelligence

21. Species Bias • Humans use the same approach to make comparisons with other creatures or machines. • We do not give value to non-human abilities, because we do not understand them • We give value to animals (or machines!) copying some aspect of human abilities – Dolphins are intelligent because they do tricks - sharks are ‘mindless’ killing machines because humans do not share the same values as a shark.

22. Comparisons • When assessing the intelligence of a machine, if we wish to claim that it is not as good as a human, we can make comparisons of the machine’s abilities in a field in which humans perform well • We can compare human abilities with a machine in a field in which the machine performs well – but the result is not so good for humans, so we don’t do it

23. End Points • Intelligence is subjective • Need a broader view • Consider intelligence in animals • For AI we do not just wish to compare machines with humans – we must remember animal intelligence

24. Next • Human Intelligence!

25. Contact Information • Web site: www.kevinwarwick.com • Email: k.warwick@reading.ac.uk • Tel:2-2435-7299