Week 3 (Jan. 6th)

1. Week 3 (Jan. 6th) The Scientific Approach in Education Process of Research Types of Research Hot Topic Debate

2. Agenda for Today • Stages in doing research (45) • Three stories-lead-in. As a group work out a process of research (Handout) • Jigsaw • Reading: stages in doing research (Ary.et al.2007,in-class handout) • Types of research (45) • Group discussion and preparation on research categories. • Sharing: each group teaches the class • Hot-topic Discussion (30) • Housekeeping (10) • Research interest/area of interest

3. The Scientific Methods:Introduction to Research in Education • Group work tasks (process the three stories): • What does “research” mean to you? • What do we typically do when we “do a piece of research”? • Pick one example and explain how does that example echoes the process of research. • Group presentation: 1. Our understanding/misunderstanding of research 2. What research is (a one sentence summary)

4. What is research Research is a process of recognition and definition of a problem/discovering essential questions, gathering data, and analyzing it to answer those questions. These steps can be applied informally in the solution of such everyday problems: to find the daughter’s shoes, gain access to playground, or to make a piece of equipment work. Or the most efficient route to take from home to work or school, the best kind of computer to purchase. The more formal application of the scientific method to the solution of problems is what research is all about.

5. 3 major steps in doing a research study • Preparing a proposal describing the study to be done and its significance (EDU651) • Collecting and analyzing data (EDU652) • Writing a report of the complete study (EDU652)

6. The Process of Research • Jigsaw

7. The process of research: typical stages in research (Ary. etc. 2006) • Selecting a problem • Reviewing the literature on the problem • Designing the research • Collecting the data • Analyzing the data • Interpreting the findings and stating conclusions • Reporting results

8. Research Report • What does the structure of a research report look like?

9. Research Report • Introduction • Literature review • Methodology • Results and discussion

10. Scientific Methods in Educational Research • Application of Scientific methods in Education – Educational Research Methods • Classifications of research methods

11. Types of Educational Research • Brainstorming

12. Types of Scientific Research • Categorized by purpose • Basic Research • Applied Research • Evaluation Research • Research and Development (R&D) • Action Research (Woho!) • Categorized by method • Quantitative • Descriptive research • Correlational research • Causal-comparative research • Experimental research • Single-subject research • Qualitative research • Narrative research • Ethnographic research • Categorized by time • Cross-sectional research • Longitudinal research

13. Group work: types of research • Each group will be experts of one or two research method • Prepare for 10 minutes: • Report (3-5 mins each group) • Use flow charts, drawing, maps …Be creative in your presentation.

14. Quantitative and Qualitative methods Group 1: Knowing-All Prepare a debate between quantitative vs qualitative experts • Purpose? Characteristics? • Merits & Demerits • Categories Group 2 Non-experimental research experts • Descriptive research • Correlational research Group 3 Experimental research experts • Causal-comparative research • Single-subject research • Experimental research Group 4 Qualitative experts • Narrative approach • Ethnographic research

15. Summary

16. Quantitative approach • Descriptive research • Systematic observation of environment • Description of people, events, materials • Correlational research • Systematic observation of environment • Study to determine characteristic relationships • Causal-comparative research • To determine the cause/reason for existing differences in the behavior or status of groups of individuals. • Experimental research • Systematic manipulation of environment • Study of the effects of the manipulation • Single-subject research • Study the behavior change that an individual or group exhibits as a result of some intervention, or treatment.

17. Qualitative approach • Narrative research • Study how different humans experience the world around them, • Researcher typically focuses on a single person and gathers data by collecting stories about the person’s life, • Ethnographic research • Buzz words • Entire group • Cultural anthropology • “cultures” • Intact culture • Gain access to a site, gatekeeper, insider, outsider • Informed consent • Key informants • Participant observation • Fieldwork, field notes

19. House Keeping • Reading for next week • Arrange for observation (week 4) • Think about your research question (s)

20. Experimental • Example • What is experimental research? • “Buzz words” • Independent variable • Dependent variable • Treatment/experimental group • Intact/control group • Extraneous variables

21. Correlational Research • An Example • Purpose of research • How to do this? • How to examine/interpret results? • Manipulation/intervention • Naturally occurring phenomena • Cause – effect: causal?