The 1920’s to the 1930’s Boom to Bust

1. The 1920’s to the 1930’sBoom to Bust

2. 1920’s Politics – Warren G. Warren G. Harding 1921-1923 • VP - Calvin Coolidge • "return to normalcy." • conservative administration marked with corruption and scandal • The “Ohio Gang” • At home: • Emergency Tariff: farmers are over producing (b/c only for the US now) so raises tariff on agricultural goods • Dawes Plan: sets up a loan payment schedule for European WWI debts to the U.S.

3. Teapot Dome Scandal –Albert Fall the Sec. of Interior He ruined a lot of land that should have been conserved and got kick backs for it. Charles Hughes – Sec. of State - calls a peace conference in Washington He makes the 4 & 5 Power treaties – reduction of arms, battleships, and war ships 9 Power treaty – open door policy This was to prevent war b/c the US was not part of the LON Kellogg – Briand Pact – this outlawed War as an instrument of diplomacy – talking would be the first action. Harding was rumored to have died b/c of poison – but really was a stroke 1920’s Politics – Warren G.

4. 1920’s Politics - Coolidge Calvin Coolidge 1923 – 1929 • “The business of America is business” • Least active president in history • A friend of the Business and the SOBs

5. 1920’s Politics – Hoover Herbert Hoover 1929-1933 • Easily won over NY gov. Al Smith. • Ran the Department of Commerce in the 1920s. • More progressive than his Warren G. and Coolidge • We will pick back up Hoover when we get into then Great Depression

6. 1920’s – Economics & Nativism • Economic unrest after WWI causing lots of strikes • Scapegoat = Communism • Russian Revolution overthrew the Czar • Vladimir Lenin • Bolshevik’s meaning majority (even though they were the minority) • Socialism – where the gov’t as a representative of the people owns all the property. (Karl Marx). • Red Scare - In the US - people thought the communists might be coming to the US. Lenin giving a speech Vladimir Lenin

7. 1920’s – Economics & Nativism • All of the strikes were soon blamed on the commies • General Strike – Seattle WA - where other unions strike in support of others striking • Palmer Raids - A. Mitchell Palmer the Attorney General • General Intelligence Division (FBI) – run by Hoover • Union of Russian workers – they were Russian so assumed to be communist on one day they arrest 650 and deport 43 • Also against pacifists and IWW wobblies • Lots of innocent people most foreigners were jailed or deported w/o being formally charged of convicted – this died out when they went too far and the red scare faded but never really disappeared Palmer

8. 1920’s – Economics & Nativism • Sacco and Vanzetti • Two Italian immigrants arrested and convicted for a crime they didn’t do b/c of their ethnicity • Helped to ignite the Nativism views and renewed isolationism from Europe - As a result of this: • Emergency Quota Act (1921) – limits the amt of all nationalities that can come.– 3% of those already here in 1910 • National Origins Act (1924) – set the year at 1890 and lowered to two 2% • National Origins Act II (1927) – limits total # of immigrants to 150,000 all combined with base year of 1920 Sacco and Vanzetti

9. 1920’s – Social Happenings • Women – lost freedoms after men came back and we now have the vote • Jazz Age & Flappers • Fitzgerald – comes up with the name “the Jazz Age” in the Great Gatsby • Jazz = Black culture, breaking down morals, new fashions • Flapper – term came from a popular drawing of a women dancing with her boots open and flapping. • In reality this youth culture was not as widespread as thought it was mostly an urban phenomenon

10. 1920’s – Social Happenings • Prohibition & Bootlegging • Speakeasies– places that illegally served booze • Bootleggers – who smuggled alcohol from Canada or Mexico. • Al Capone the most famous bootlegger • 21st amendment (1932) repealed the 18th Speakeasy Bootleggers getting busted Al Capone

11. 1) To try and prevent future wars – we passed the ______________. This outlawed war as a way to solve disputes. 2) __________ - This is when a lot of innocent people were accused of being communists. Most were jailed or deported w/o being formally charged of convicted. 3) ___________ were places that illegally served booze 4) ____________ were two Italian immigrants arrested, convicted, and killed for a crime they didn’t do because of their ethnicity.

12. 1) To try and prevent future wars – we passed the Kellogg – Briand Pact. This outlawed war as a way to solve disputes. 2) Palmer Raids - This is when a lot of innocent people were accused of being communists. Most were jailed or deported w/o being formally charged of convicted. 3) Speakeasies were places that illegally served booze 4) Sacco and Vanzetti were two Italian immigrants arrested, convicted, and killed for a crime they didn’t do because of their ethnicity.

13. 1920’s – Social Happenings • Fundamentalism • A reaction against the perceived excesses of the Jazz, booze, and fear of forigners people turned back to religion • Scopes Trial – Tennessee passed a law that it was illegal to teach anything but creationalism in school and college • Scopes - a teaches Darwin in his High School = jail. • His lawyer is the famous Clarence Darrow • Prosecution lead by fundamentalist William Jennings Bryan • Exposed narrowness of fundamentalist position as anti-science and anti-progress - Inherit the Wind. Darrow & Bryan Scopes

14. 1920’s – Social Happenings • African Americans: • Harlem Renaissance (NYC) - people came to hear jazz and music, literary works also • WEB Dubois, Zora Neale Hurston, Langston Hughes, Alain Locke, and Lewis Armstrong • Marcus Garvey – Universal Negro Improvement Movement - “back to Africa” movement. • Red Summer 1919 – 20 race riots broke out – Chicago and on D.C. • Klu Klux Klan • 1915 - Colonel William Joseph Simmons revived the organization. • By 1925 members numbered 2 million. • This new KKK promoted "100% Americanism“ those who were NOT: Roman Catholics, Jews, and African-Americans • Not limited to the Deep South. The greatest public support was in Indiana, Texas, and Ohio. Zora Neale Hurston Harlem Jazz Club Apollo Theater

15. 1920’s - Prosperity & Consumerism • The auto mobile came of age in the 1920s • Henry Ford • Two factors led to the rising popularity of cars: Cost and Credit (Installment Plan) • Economic Effects of the Automobile • 1) Promoted growth of other industries (petroleum, rubber, and steel) • 2) Creation of a national system of highways • 3) Created facilities (Filling stations, garages, roadside restaurants, and Motels). • Social Effects of the Automobile: • 1) Created a more mobile society • 2) Broke down the stability of family life • 3) Broke down traditional morality Model T Ford Henry Ford

16. 1920’s - Prosperity & Consumerism • We had more free time and the leisure industry grew to meet that need: • Radio • Transmitted sports games, news, music, and religious services over the airwaves • Movies • Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer MGM, Warner Bros., and Columbia. • Birth of a nation – 1st film a film the gloried the KKK • The jazz Singer was the first film with sound -Al Jolson • Sports heroes - Babe Ruth, fighters like Jack Dempsey, etc • Charles Lindbergh – flew from NY to Paris. His plane -Spirit of St. Louis • T.S. Elliot - Waste Land • F Scott FitzgeraldGreat Gatsby

17. 1920’s - Prosperity & Consumerism • Tremendous performance of American economy in early from 1920-1929: • Manufacturing output rose more than 60% • Gross national product (total of goods and services) rose 5% a year • Industrial output per worker grew 33% • Per capita income grew 30% with virtually no inflation • This was caused by the: • Destruction of European economies during World War I left the U.S. as the only major industrial nation • Technology allowed for expansion, particularly in the auto industry • Cheap, readily available energy sources (coal, oil) made expansion affordable • Scientific management techniques promoted by Frederick Taylor were adopted widely in an attempt to improve business efficiency • Consumerism fostered growth of advertising which benefited from expansion of national mass-circulation magazines, such as Time, Reader's Digest, andThe Saturday Evening Post.

18. Dorothea Lange – Migrant Mother

19. Dorothea Lange - White Angel Bread Line 1932

20. Dorothea Lange – Edge of a Pea Field California 1937

21. Dorothea Lange – Crossroads StoreAlabama 1937

22. Squatter and her Shack

23. Dust Storm 1933

24. Civil Conservation Corps – planting a field

25. 1____________ flew his plane from New York to Paris. He became a global hero. His plane was called the ______________ 2) ______________ started the Universal Negro Improvement Movement it was a “back to Africa” movement. He was later sent to jail for mail fraud. 3) In the _________ Trial a teacher was convicted of teaching evolutionism in school. This Defense was Clarence Darrow and the Prosecution was __________________. 4) In the 1920’s the ____________ rose in numbers They did not like Roman Catholics, Jews, and African-Americans

26. 1) Charles Lindbergh flew his plane from New York to Paris. He became a global hero. His plane was called the Spirit of St. Louis 2) Marcus Garvey started the Universal Negro Improvement Movement it was a “back to Africa” movement. He was later sent to jail for mail fraud. 3) In the Scopes Trial a teacher was convicted of teaching evolutionism in school. This Defense was Clarence Darrow and the Prosecution was William Jennings Bryan. 4) In the 1920’s the Klu Klux Klan rose in numbers They did not like Roman Catholics, Jews, and African-Americans

27. The Great Depression

28. The Late 20’s - Pre-Crash • People were secure with the economy and the stock market was very strong. • In 1928 Hoover said: “We in America today are nearer to the final triumph over poverty than ever before in the history of any land. The poorhouse is vanishing from among us.” • “Real wages” - what money could actually buy • The Stock Market: • Speculating in the market i.e. taking a chance. • Buy on margin they paid for a fraction of the price of the stock and borrowed the rest. • Welfare capitalism New York Stock Exchange

29. The Late 20’s - Pre-Crash Signs of trouble: • 1) There were massive business inventories backup • 2) Lack of diversification in American economy – mostly construction and automobile industries. • 3) Poor distribution of purchasing power among consumers • The wealth was concentrated in a few families • Farmers and factory workers were unable to maintain economic growth. • Farm income declined 66% from 1920 to 1929. • There was a myth of prosperity

30. The Late 20’s - Pre-Crash Signs of trouble cont. • 4) Huge credit problems • Steady stream of bank failures in late 1920s as customers (many of them farmers) were unable to pay mortgages. • Buying on credit or installment plans • Buy stock on Margin - like installment buying, you only paid 10-15% of the full price of the stock and borrowed the rest from investors or banks. • 5) Decline in demand for American goods in international trade • Europe recovered - we are still producing at the war rate. • Germany can’t pay reparations • Other european countries cannot pay their debt to us. • High protective tariffs discouraged trade – hurting the farmers even more!

31. The Stock Market Crash • Dow Jones Industrial Av. – was the av. of stock prices of the leading industries. • By October 1929, margin buying had reached $8.5 billion in loans to stock purchasers after this peak prices fell slowly • Black Thursday - October 24, 1929 people were beginning to sell their shares. • Black Tuesday - October 29, 1929 On this day the most shares were sold ever • November the Dow had fallen from 381to 198.7 pts. • December about $40billion in stock had been lost. • Most people lost everything • Banks were hit hard and had to close when people tried to get their savings out at the same time. • Gross National Product (GNP) went from 103 billion to 56 billion

32. The Stock Market Crash Between 1929 and 1933 • 100,000 businesses failed • Corporate profits fell from $10 billion to $1 billon • Over 6000 banks failed with over $9 million lost • 25% of the work force was unemployed • Malnutrition, tuberculosis, typhoid and dysentery increased. • Large numbers of homeless workers roamed the U.S., particularly the Southwest, seeking work

33. The problems of the depression were beyond U.S. control and confidence in the economy was the key to recovery Against gov’t welfare – Hoover thought that it was undermining to character and individualism. Instead he urged Americans to turn to community and church resources Hoover began to use federal agencies to address issues: 1. He met with business and labor leaders to reduce layoffs and strikes 2. Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) 1932 to make loans to stimulate economy John Maynard Keynes – An eng economist said that large govt spending could help a collapsing economy. 3. Financed federal work projects, such as massive dams in the West (Boulder, Hoover, and Grand Coulee) 4. Hawley-Smoot Tariff - Raised tariffs 33% in attempt to keep foreign goods off the U.S. market. Hoover’s Reaction

34. Effects of the Depression • Hoover tried – but was an easy scapegoat • Bonus Army – WWI vets wanted their pensions • Hoovervilles - homeless shanty towns • Humor - Hoover gardens, Hoover flags, Hoover blankets • Dust Bowl – not only did farmers loose their farms but a drought made the Great Plains dusty and uninhabitable. • Increase in racial discrimination - Scottsboro Boys trial • Socialists gained some ground discrimination Bonus Army Hoovervilles

35. 1) ___________ - when you take a chance and invest in the stock market. 2)Buying a stock _________ – when you paid for a fraction of the price of the stock and borrowed the rest. 3) On October ___, _____, also called Black_________, the most shares were sold ever and the stock market crashed. 4) ________________ – An eng economist said that large government spending could help a collapsing economy.

36. 1) Speculating - when you take a chance and invest in the stock market. 2)Buying a stockon margin – when you paid for a fraction of the price of the stock and borrowed the rest. 3) On October29, 1929, also called Black Tuesday, the most shares were sold ever and the stock market crashed. 4) John Maynard Keynes – An eng economist said that large government spending could help a collapsing economy.

37. 1932 Election: Hoover vs. FDR • Republican candidate: Hoover • Refused to accept any responsibility for the economic downturn • Campaign slogans: "The Worst is Past“ and "Prosperity is Just Around the Corner" • Accused FDR of seeking the destruction of capitalism • Hoover said this election was between two ideas of gov’t – he didn’t want the big gov’t that FDR suggested.

38. 1932 Election: Hoover vs. FDR • Democrat candidate: Franklin Delano Roosevelt • FDR had been NY senator, Assistant Sec. of Navy. • Married wife Eleanor who was an amazing politcian and activist in her own right. • 1920 got polio and never walked again unaided • Offered a New Deal for the "forgotten man" and promised a balanced budget along with economic reforms • Campaign slogan: "Happy Days are Here Again" signaled Democratic optimism in face of economic problems • His focus was: Relief – Recovery – Reform • Brain Trust - He surrounded himself with the best, a group of brilliant social, economic and political thinkers who comprised Roosevelt's cabinet.

39. 1932 Election: Hoover vs. FDR • FDR won 57% of the popular vote and Democrats took control of both the House and Senate • The FDR inaugural address: “The only thing we have to fear is fear itself.” Blue = Hoover Red = FDR Inauguration – 3/4/1933

40. The New Deal • Second Bonus March • First hundred days • Bank holiday • Took us off the gold standard • Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation FDIC • First Fireside Chat – these explained to the public what we was doing. He became like a father figure. The 1st chat explained the bank holiday and banking to the public Eleanor Roosevelt Fireside Chat

41. The New Deal • Federal Emergency Relief AdministrationFERA - • Led by Harry Hopkins - this agency sent funds to depleting local relief agencies. • Civil Works Administration CWA • Jobs in building or improving roads, park, airports, etc. 4 million workers. • Civilian Conservation Corps CCC • Environmental program and put 2.5 million unmarried men to work maintaining and restoring forests, beaches, and parks. • Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 • This act ended the sale of tribal lands and restored ownership of unallocated lands to Native American groups. FERA CWA - library CCC Camp IRA

42. The New Deal • Nation Industrial Recovery Act NIRA • Formed to boost the declining prices by helping businesses and workers: regulating wages, working conditions, production, and prices. It also set a minimum wage. Declared unconstitutional later. • Public Works Administration PWA • Started projects like dams, causeways, and bridges (A part of the NIRA) • Agricultural Adjustment Administration AAA • Formed to help farmers • Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC) to refinance mortgages • Paid farmers not to raise specific crops and animals to lower production to increase prices. Declared unconstitutional later PWA AAA

43. The New Deal • Tennessee Valley AuthorityTVA • Helped the Tennessee River valley by reactivating a hydroelectric power plant for cheap electric power, flood control, and recreational opportunities. • Securities and Exchange CommissionSEC • Regulated the stock market • full disclosure of information on stocks being sold. • Passage of the 21st Amendment created jobs in the brewing industry and used of excess grain. • The New Deal was good, but it did not do enough and people criticized it or making the govt to big and interfering. • The Supreme Court also found the NIRA and AAA unconstitutional b/c it gave the president law making powers.

44. The Second New Deal • Works Progress AdministrationWPA • Improved schools, hospitals, playgrounds etc. Work for 8 million Americans • Farm Security Administration FSA • Loaned more than $1 billion to farmers and set up camps for migrant workers. • Wagner Act • Replaced the NIRA helping unions • It legalized collective bargaining and outlawed spying on unions and blacklisting. • Set up the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) to enforce its provisions

45. The Second New Deal • Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 • This banned child labor and set a minimum wage • Social Security Act • Provided old-age pensions for workers, survivor’s benefits for victims of industrial accidents, unemployment insurance, and aid for defendant mothers and children, the blind and physically disabled. • Court Packing • Supreme Court had frustrated FDR calling laws unconstitutional. • FDR proposed a reform bill to raise number of justices in the Supreme Court • FDR claimed he wanted to lessen the work load for the old justices by adding 6 new ones (bring it to 15) Supreme Court 1937

46. The Dust Bowl • After WWI dropping grain prices caused farmers to farm more land. After the crash most lost their land, leaving it barren. • At the same time, a seven-year drought began in 193. Many of the farms literally dried up and blew away creating what became known as the "Dust Bowl." • Many moved west to California where they hoped to find work. • Dust Bowl migrants were called "Okies" Well on the Great Plains Dust Storm

47. The Dust Bowl • Why California? • Long growing season • There had been a need for workers before the depression • “Route 66” • So many went to California, it was really hard to find a job. • Federal camps opened to help the migrants Arvin Migratory Labor Camp was the first federally operated camp opened by the FSA in 1937

48. 1936 Election • Republican candidate: Alfred Landon a Kansas Governor. • Democrat candidate: FDR • FDR carried every state except Maine and Vermont. Blue – Landon Red - FDR

49. Reactions to the New Deal & Programs • Women: New Deal sort of helped but men and boys got preference in relief programs • Eleanor Roosevelt – as a first lady she was tireless worker for social causes including women’s rights and civil rights for African Americans • Frances Perkins – Sec. of Labor 1933-1945 under FDR - first woman cabinet member Eleanor Roosevelt & Frances Perkins

50. Reactions to the New Deal & Programs • Minorities & AfAm: • Still lots of discrimination- Southern federal relief programs often reinforced segregation. The AFAms didn’t get the higher paying jobs, and were kept from skilled jobs. • Mary McLeod Bethune - African American educator, New Deal worker, founded Bethune Cookman College, and advised the National Youth Administration for FDR • Father Divine- AfAm minister -Harlem soup kitchens Father Divine Mary Bethune