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13.1 Atomic Theory of Matter Based on analysis of chemical reactions Brownian motion

13.1 Atomic Theory of Matter Based on analysis of chemical reactions Brownian motion 1827 – first observed in pollen grains 1905 – Einstein explains motion and calculates the average atomic diameter to be ~10 -10 m. 13.2 Temperature and Thermometers

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13.1 Atomic Theory of Matter Based on analysis of chemical reactions Brownian motion

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  1. 13.1 Atomic Theory of Matter • Based on analysis of chemical reactions • Brownian motion • 1827 – first observed in pollen grains • 1905 – Einstein explains motion and calculates the average atomic diameter to be ~10-10 m APHY201

  2. 13.2 Temperature and Thermometers • Variations result in changes to the size/shape and electrical resistance of materials. • Calibration using water – why? • Problems concerning pressure • Mercury vs. Alcohol APHY201

  3. 13.4 Thermal Expansion • The separation of atoms in a material is related to its temperature. • ΔL = αLoΔT for solids • ΔV = βVoΔT for solids, liquids, gases • Applications: thermostats, Pyrex glass, bridges, sidewalks, sea levels APHY201

  4. 13.4 Thermal Expansion • Water contracts when warmed from 0°C to 4°C then expands. • Fish, water pipes, road repair in the northern US APHY201

  5. 13.6 The Gas Laws and Absolute Temperature • The volume of a gas depends on pressure and temperature. • Equation of State and equilibrium • Boyle’s Law: PV = constant (T = constant) APHY201

  6. 13.6 The Gas Laws and Absolute Temperature • Charles’s Law: V/T = constant (P = constant) • Absolute zero and the Kelvin scale • Gay-Lussac’s Law: P/T = constant (V = constant) • Example: a closed container that is heated or cooled. APHY201

  7. 13.7 The Ideal Gas Law • Combining the previous gas laws and including the amount of gas, we find that PV α mT → PV = nRT • n is the number of moles of a gas • R is the universal gas constant • 8.314 J/(mol K) APHY201

  8. 13.9 Avogadro’s Number • The ideal gas law can also be written in terms of the number of molecules in the gas. PV = NkT • N = nNA with NA = 6.02 x 1023 molecules/mol • k is the Boltzmann constant • 1.38 x 10-23 J/K APHY201

  9. In class: Problems 10, 29 • Other problems ↓ 11. The density at 4oC is When the water is warmed, the mass will stay the same, but the volume will increase according to Equation 13-2. The density at the higher temperature is APHY201

  10. 45. We assume that the last breath Galileo took has been spread uniformly throughout the atmosphere since his death. Multiply that factor times the size of a breath to find the number of Galileo molecules in one of our breaths. APHY201

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