The Historical and Constitutional Foundations

1. The Historical and Constitutional Foundations Chapter 1 BUSINESS LAW TODAYEssentials 9th Ed.Roger LeRoy Miller - Institute for University Studies, Arlington, TexasGaylord A. Jentz - University of Texas at Austin, Emeritus

2. Learning Objectives • What are the four primary sources of law in the United States? • What is the common law tradition? • What constitutional clause gives the federal government the power to regulate commercial activities among the various states? • What constitutional clause allow slaws enacted by the federal government to take priority over conflicting state laws? • What is the Bill of Rights? What freedoms are guaranteed by the First Amendment?

3. Business Activities and the Legal Environment • Knowledge of “black letter” law is not enough. • Many different laws affect a single business transaction. • Ethics and business decision making. • Ethics: what constitutes right or wrong behavior.

4. Sources of American Law • Constitutional Law. • Found in text and cases arising from federal and state constitutions. • U.S. Constitution is the supreme law of the land. • Statutory Law. • Laws enacted by federal and state legislatures. • Local ordinances. • Uniform Laws (e.g.,Uniform Commercial Code).

5. Sources of American Law • Administrative Law. • Rulemaking--Rules, orders and decisions of administrative agencies, federal, state and local. • Administrative agencies can be independent regulatory agency such as the Food and Drug Administration. • Adjudication--agencies make rules, then investigate and enforce the rules in administrative hearings.

6. The Common Law Tradition • Early English Courts of Law. • King’s courts started after Norman conquest of 1066. • Established the common law—body of general legal principles applied throughout the English empire. • King’s courts used precedent to build the common law.

7. Stare Decisis • Stare Decisis. • Practice of deciding new cases based on precedent. • A higher court’s decision based on certain facts and law, is a binding authority on lower courts. • Helps courts stay efficient.

8. Equitable Remedies and Courts of Equity • Remedy: means to enforce a right or compensate for injury to that right. • Remedy at Law: in king’s courts, remedies were restricted to damages in either money or property. • Equitable Remedy: based on justice and fair dealing a chancery court does what is right: specific performance, injunction, rescission. • Plaintiffs (injured party initiating the lawsuit), Defendants (allegedly caused injury).

9. Exhibit 1-2 Procedural Differences

10. Classifications of Law • Substantive vs. Procedural Law. • Substantive: laws that define and regulate rights and duties. • Procedural: laws that establish methods for enforcing and protecting rights. • Civil Law and Criminal Law. • Civil: private rights and duties between persons and government. • Criminal: public wrongs against society.

11. Classifications of Law • National and International Law. • National: laws of a particular nation. • Civil vs. Common Law: Civil law countries based on Roman code (e.g., Latin America). • International: body of written and unwritten laws observed by nations when dealing with each other.

12. Constitutional Powers of Government • A Federal Form of Government: the federal constitution was a political compromise between advocates of state sovereignty and central government. • Separation of Powers: Executive, Legislative and Judicial. Provides checks and balances. • Legislative: enacts laws • Executive: enforces laws • Judicial: declares laws/actions unconstitutional.

13. The Commerce Clause • U.S. Constitution gives Congress the power to “regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian tribes.” (Art. 1 § 8) • Greatest impact on business than any other Constitutional provision.

14. The Commerce Clause • Gibbons v. Ogden (1824). • To Chief Justice Marshall, commerce meant all business dealings that substantially affected more than one state. • The national government had the exclusive power to regulate interstate commerce. • Today: commerce clause applies to e-commerce internet transactions.

15. Expansion of National Powers • Wickard v. Filburn (1942). • Purely local production, sale and consumption of wheat was subject to federal regulation. • CLASSIC CASE 1.1 Heart of Atlanta Motel v. U.S. (1964). Motel that provided public accommodations to guests from other states was subject to federal civil rights legislation.

16. Commerce Power Today • Theoretically: the federal government has unlimited control over all business transactions since any enterprise (in the aggregate) can have a “substantial effect” on interstate commerce. • Practical Limits: Supreme Court has curbed federal regulatory powers in U.S. v. Lopez (1995) and U.S. v. Morrison (2000).

17. Regulatory Powers of the States • Tenth Amendment reserves all powers to the states that have not been expressly delegated to the national government. • State have inherent “police powers.” • Police powers include right to regulate health, safety, morals and general welfare. • Includes licensing, building codes, parking regulations and zoning restrictions. • “Dormant” Commerce Clause 

18. Dormant Commerce Clause • U.S. Supreme Court has interpreted commerce clause to give national government exclusive power to regulate. • States only have a “dormant” (negative) power to regulate interstate commerce. • Dormant power comes into play when courts balance state’s interest vs. national interest, e.g., internet transactions.

19. The Supremacy Clause • Supremacy Clause: Article VI of the Constitution provides that Constitution, laws and treaties of the United States are the “supreme law of the land.” • Concurrent: in few areas, both states and federal government share powers. • Preemption: when Congress chooses to act in a concurrent area, federal law preempts state law.

20. Business and the Bill of Rights • 1791: Ten written guarantees of protection of individual liberties from government interference. • Originally: Bill of Rights only applied to the federal government. • Today: the Bill of Rights has been “incorporated” and applied to the States as well. • Some protections apply to businesses.

21. First Amendment: Freedom of Speech • Right to Free Speech is the basis for our democratic government. • Symbolic Speech: includes gestures, movements, articles of clothing. • Texas v. Johnson (U.S. 1989). • Hodgkins v. Peterson (7th Cir. 2004). • Reasonable Restrictions: balance government’s obligation to protect community vs. individuals right to speech.

22. Corporate Political Speech • Corporations also have protected political speech (although not to the degree of a natural person). • Supreme Court struck down campaign-reform finance laws as unconstitutional burden on corporate speech (FEC v. Wisconsin Right to Life).

23. Commercial Speech • Commercial speech is given substantial protection. Generally, government restrictions must: • Seek to implement substantial government interest, • Directly advance that interest, and • Must go no further than necessary to accomplish. • CASE 1.2 Bad Frog Brewery, Inc. v. N.Y. State Liquor Authority (1998). Denial of label on beer lacked a “reasonable fit” with state’s interest in shielding minors from vulgarity, and was therefore unconstitutional.

24. Unprotected Speech • U.S. Supreme Court has held that certain speech is NOT protected: • Defamatory speech. • Threatening speech that violates criminal laws. • Fighting Words. • Obscene Speech is patently offensive, violates community standards and has no literary, artistic, political or scientific merit.

25. Online Obscenity • Protected or Unprotected? • Some of Congress’ attempts to protect children from online pornography have been ruled unconstitutional restriction on free speech. • Communications Decency Act (1996). • COPA (1998-challenged, in court). • Children’s Internet Protection Act (2000) which requires filters for computers in public libraries and public schools). Challenged, in court. • What about “hate” speech on the web?

26. Freedom of Religion • First Amendment guarantees that “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof…” • Establishment clause: no state-sponsored religion or preference for one religion over another. • CASE 1.3In re Episcopal Church Cases (2009).Secular court can resolve a church property dispute without “establishing” a church in violation of the First Amendment.

27. Freedom of Religion • Free Exercise: person can believe what he wants, but actions may be unconstitutional. • What about freedom of religion and illegal drug use? • Within the Muslim faith, is it a religious violation for a woman to appear in public without a scarf (hijab) over her head?

28. Due Process • Procedural: any government decision to take life, liberty or property must be fair. Requires: Notice and Fair Hearing. • Substantive: focuses on the content or the legislation (the right itself). • Fundamental Right: requires compelling state interest. • Non-Fundamental: rational relationship to state interest.

29. Equal Protection • 14th Amendment: A state may not “deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.” • Government must treat similarly situated individuals (or businesses) in the same manner. • Courts apply different tests: • Minimum scrutiny-economic rights. • Intermediate scrutiny. • Strict Scrutiny – fundamental rights.

30. Privacy Rights • Fourth amendment protects against unreasonable search and seizures. • Constitutional Protection: • Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) found a right to personal privacy implied in constitution, expanded in Roe v. Wade (1973). • Federal Statutory Protection: • USA PATRIOT ACT (2001). • HIPAA (1996) (healthcare privacy).

31. Appendix to Chapter 1 • Finding Statutory Law. • United States Code (USC). • State Statutes. • Finding Administrative Law. • Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). • Finding Case Law (Case Citations).

32. Exhibit 1-A - National Reporter System

33. Appendix • Reading & Understanding Case Law • Legal cases are identified by a “legal citation” (or a “cite”) as the example below: Doe v. AOL, LLC,552 F.3d 1077 (9th Cir. 2009). Title: First Party is Plaintiff, second party is Defendant. The parties are either italicized or underlined.

34. Appendix • Reading & Understanding Case Law • Legal cases are identified by a “legal citation” (or a “cite”) as the example below: Doe v. AOL, LLC,552 F.3d 1077 (9th Cir. 2009). Case is found in Federal 3rd Reporter, volume 552, page 1077.

35. Appendix • Reading & Understanding Case Law • Legal cases are identified by a “legal citation” (or a “cite”) as the example below: Doe v. AOL, LLC,552 F.3d 1077 (9th Cir. 2009). Case was decided by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, in 2009.