Water In The Atmosphere

1. Water In The Atmosphere Team 3 Bryan Bentley Amanda Zawadzki Mohamed Soliman Matthew Durant Ali Abdrabalhussain

2. Vibrational Modes Water Molecules are characterized with several vibrational modes These modes associate with the 3 types of ro-vibrational bands. λ1 is associated with H-O-H symmetric stretching and is located around 2.7 micrometers λ2 is associated with H-O-H bending and is located around 6.3 micrometers λ3 is associated with H-O-H antisymmetric stretching and is also located around 2.7 micrometers http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_absorption_by_water

3. Thermal IR Spectrum Water molecules occupy locations through the thermal IR spectrum where they scatter electromagnetic radiation based off of their refractive index. http://www.physicstoday.org/about_us/terms

4. Continuum Absorption The large amount of absorption lines contributes to the water molecule’s strong continuum absorption.This is a cause of water vapor’s unusual effectiveness at interacting with radiation throughout the thermal IR. This effect makes water vapor the largest absorber of solar radiation in the lower atmosphere, the troposphere. www.wikipedia.org

5. Effect on Atmosphere This means that water condensation and vapor play a major role in determining how much radiation and heat are dispersed in a given region. http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercyclesummary.html

6. Humidity Humidity is a measure of the amount of water vapor in the air. At 86 degrees Fahrenheit, the concentration ranges Dry air- 0 grams per cubic meter Saturated air(100% humidity)- 30 grams of water per cubic meter bleacherreport.com davidgrayheatingandair.com

7. Hydrometeors (condensed water) Rain has a great dependence on the scattering of the condensed water molecules on the atmosphere. Different types of scattering, due to different waves in the atmosphere, is what contributes to the intensity of the rain Different regions on the earth’s surface encounter different exposure to the various types of waves in the atmosphere. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=06546749

8. Hydrometeors (Cont.) The wavelength of the detected photons absorbed by Hydrometeors determine the probability density of the rain path. The figure illustrates the relationship between the probability density and the photon excess path length ( d) http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=06546749

9. Clapeyron Equation The relationship of vapor pressure to Temperature can be expressed through the Clapeyron equation. http://langlopress.net/homeeducation/resources/science/content/support/illustrations/Chemistry/Water%20Phase%20Diagram-bl.jpg

10. Given If we substitute x = ln(T) ∫dln(es) = ∫β*e^(-x) dx ln(es) = -β*e^(-x) + constant ln(es) = -β*e^(-ln(T)) + constant ln(es) = -β/T + constant Where β is approximately 5400 K

11. If we choose to manipulate the equation even more,the Clapeyron equation turns into the Clausius-Clapeyron equation, where ln(P) = ln(A)-ΔHvap/RT ln(P) = (-ΔHvap/R)*1/T + ln(A) http://www.uni-ulm.de/fileadmin/website_uni_ulm/nawi.inst.251/Didactics/thermodynamik/INHALT/GT.HTM http://www.chemteam.info/GasLaw/Gas-Ideal.html y = m x + b Clausius Clapeyron

12. Rearranging the Clausius-Clapeyron Equation yields a linear relationship between the natural log of Pressure and the inverse of Temperature (K)

13. Copy and Paste Version of Program http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/software/spm8/ function ClasiusClapeyron clc; %If we decided to set the b term to 0 so that we can get an approximation %of the graph dHvap=40.68; Temperature=linspace(0,100,1000); Pressure=exp(-dHvap./8.314.*1./Temperature); plot(1./Temperature,log(Pressure)) xlabel('1/T') ylabel('ln(P)') title('Vapor Pressure v. Temperature')

14. Understanding climate through water Earth’s climate conditions mainly depend on water’s radiative properties. Such conditions include the greenhouse effect, the planetary albedo, and thus the Earth’s temperature. Water’s radiative properties and Earth’s climate are specifically related by an energy balance between them. http://www2.geog.ucl.ac.uk/~plewis/geogg124/modelling.html

15. Understanding climate through water (Cont.) Earth’s climate also depends on the thermodynamic structure of the atmosphere along with water’s enthalpy budget. The figure shows how clouds formation, humidity, and temperature are interrelated through water’s enthalpic and thermodynamic properties. http://www.seafriends.org.nz/issues/global/climate6.htm

16. We know about rain, but where do clouds come from? The six processes that make up the water cycle are: evaporation, condensation, precipitation, surface runoff, infiltration, and transpiration. Through the process of evaporation and transpiration, water moves into the atmosphere. Then, Clouds are formed when water vapors join the dust particles present in the atmosphere. http://roble.pntic.mec.es/rmac0040/im%E1genes/water2%5B1%5D.gif

17. Clouds orientation in the atmosphere In 1802 an Englishman by the name of Luke Howard invented the cloud naming system that is still in use today. Howard used Latin names to describe clouds. (The first part of a cloud's name describes height, the second part shape.) http://www.enchantedlearning.com/cgifs/clouds.GIF

18. The figures show the relationship between clouds levels Vs. wind and temperature (in Kelvins) conditions for development of thunderstorms. Cumulus clouds are all capable of producing some serious storms !!! http://www.crh.noaa.gov/lmk/?n=cloud_classification http://www.crh.noaa.gov/lmk/?n=cloud_classification

19. Moistening and drying conditions The various conditions of water vapors in the atmosphere (altitude, pressure, and temperature) contribute to how moistening and drying occur throughout different regions on Earth’s surface. The figure shows a relative study of those conditions among Texas, green ocean, smoky, and gate-74 all at the same timing. http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-9326/4/1/015004/fulltext/

20. Antoine Equation The more accurate method to determining the vapor pressure of water is the Antoine Equation. For the Antoine Equation, constants A,B and C are assigned to a molecule to predict the vapor pressure/Temperature relationship. ln(P) = A - B/(T+C) Where Pressure is measured in kPa, and Temperature is measured in degrees Celsius. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_equation

21. Antoine’s Equation Function function antoine=tank(a,b,c,T) %input the a,b,c a = input('a= '); b = input('b= '); c = input('c= '); T = input('T(C)= '); %calculating the vapor pressure at a certain temperature P=exp(a-b/(T+c)); disp('Vapor Pressure in Pascals') disp(P) end http://www.sjogy.nu/program/nvprogrammet/larare/behzadmassoumzadeh/physics/physicsb/ch26specialtheoryofrelativity/einsteinandthestorybehindtheworldsmostfamousequation.4.6e96ff103c385730380006056.html

22. Amplifier of Climate Change http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=06546749 Water in the atmosphere itself cannot drive climate change. However it can amplify the effects not associated with temperature changes. One example of which is carbon dioxide concentration. Shows the box plots of temperature change as a result of CO2 concentration doubling http://www.ces.fau.edu/nasa/module-4/causes/carbon_story.php

23. Changes in Precipitation δR- is the change in the net cooling rate of the atmosphere P and E -measure precipitation and evaporation (in enthalpy flux units) T sfc- is the surface temperature. This equation shows a relationship between regional changes and global warming. www.zmescience.com

24. Tornados and Hurricanes When the air and sea temperatures are above 77 degrees Fahrenheit, the water vapor in the atmosphere can create upward air currents. These currents can lead to cyclonic or anticyclonic weathers, also known as hurricanes and tornadoes universetoday.org http://www.redorbit.com/education/reference_library/earth/atmosphere/2582932/water_vapor/

25. Future Implications http://www.crookedbrains.net/2007/07/snow-in-desert-taklamakan-is-desert-of.html With the knowledge gained by scientists about water in the atmosphere, could it be possible for humans to manipulate the patterns of weather itself? Could we make scenes like these below actually happen more often? What if these were commonplace? http://photo.net/photodb/photo?photo_id=3175927 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/12/Palm_Trees_and_Snow.jpg

26. Future Implications Given a way to change the climate in an area, the following things could be done: • Rain-soaked areas would be relieved from their excess water by deserts with great poverty in water • Crops could be grown in previously unfavorable land • Unbearably warm areas could be cooled, and frigid areas could become warmer http://optimistworld.com/files/Eden%20Springs%20CSR%20-%20Clean% 20drinking%20water%20for%20African%20children%20in%20Tanzania_6757_1_1___Selected.jpg http://www.islandnet.com/~see/weather/graphics/wxdrphotos/deserttstorm.jpg

27. Conclusion Water is an essential part of life, and is in or around practically everything on this planet. http://www.officialpsds.com/images/thumbs/Planet-Earth-psd20005.png Many people have studied water vapor and made conclusions about water in the atmosphere, such as the men associated with the Clausius-Clapeyron equation, and the Antoine equation. . http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/8/3/e/83e5c609475c1c37eece4af9cfd7dc61.png

28. Conclusion These observations have led to a widespread goal to further understand our atmosphere and the principles behind the world we observe. Using IR Spectroscopy, NMR Spectroscopy, RADAR, UV spectroscopy and other methods, more information has been found on the use of clouds in the last decade. IR Spectroscopy: http://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?Spec=C7732185&Index=1&Type=IR NMR Spectroscopy: http://www.processnmr.com/images/productspage/contin3.jpg

29. Conclusion UV spectroscopy: http://people.seas.harvard.edu/~jones/es151/gallery/images/segelstein81.gif RADAR:http://www.crh.noaa.gov/images/ind/feb152010/radar_14z15feb.png The use of these technologies combined with knowledge gained from theoretical equations has helped the scientific community understand that clouds are not only pleasant, puffy white balls in the sky that turn dark and bring rain. They create a “blanket” over the Earth’s surface.

30. Conclusion Only recently, scientists have found that clouds don’t just operate as part of the atmosphere as bringers of rain or the deflectors of the sun’s painful sting. Clouds affect the enthalpy change of the Earth itself, acting as a barrier to maintain the Earth’s homeostasis, like a big “blanket”, keeping us warm at night and cool during the day. The image below demonstrates this: http://isccp.giss.nasa.gov/JPEG/E-H2Oexchg_2D.jpg

31. Conclusion As we learn more about the environment around us, more can be done to improve the lives of every individual. Using the relationships we discover and formulate, methods can be used to illuminate the important information that can otherwise be hidden by the face of an equation itself. Numerical methods are then used in order to evaluate and assess the data collected. The data itself may even be a precursor to defining a relationship in the first place. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_analysis http://photography.nationalgeographic.com/wallpaper/photography/photos/milestones-space-photography/earth-full-view/

32. Resources: 1. http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/magazine/physicstoday/article/66/6/10.1063/PT.3.2009 2. http://www.redorbit.com/education/reference_library/earth/atmosphere/2582932/water_vapor/ 3. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=06546749 4. http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/science/future.html 5. http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/watervapor01.htm 6. http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/GlobalMaps/view.php?d1=MYDAL2_M_SKY_WV http://riccentre.ca/entrepreneur-and-innovation-resources/