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Exploring the Internet's Protocols: An In-depth Introduction

Dive into the fundamentals of the Internet, protocols, network models, and performance metrics in this comprehensive course. Understand the Internet's structure, security, history, and applications through real-world examples and theoretical concepts.

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Exploring the Internet's Protocols: An In-depth Introduction

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  1. Our goal: get “feel” and terminology more depth, detail later in course approach: use Internet as example Overview: what’s the Internet what’s a protocol? network edge network core access net, physical media Internet/ISP structure performance: loss, delay protocol layers, service models network modeling Chapter 1: Introduction Introduction

  2. Chapter 1: roadmap 1.1 What is the Internet? 1.2 Network edge • end systems, access networks, links 1.3 Network core • circuit switching, packet switching, network structure 1.4 Delay, loss and throughput in packet-switched networks 1.5 Protocol layers, service models 1.6 Networks under attack: security 1.7 History Introduction

  3. millions of connected computing devices: hosts = end systems running network apps PC Mobile network server Global ISP wireless laptop cellular handheld Home network Regional ISP access points wired links Institutional network router What’s the Internet: “nuts and bolts” view • communication links • fiber, copper, radio, satellite • transmission rate = bandwidth • routers: forward packets (chunks of data) Introduction

  4. “Cool” internet appliances Internet gaming, chatting Web-enabled toaster + weather forecaster Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Internet phones Introduction

  5. protocolscontrol sending, receiving of msgs e.g., TCP, IP, HTTP, Skype, Ethernet Internet: “network of networks” loosely hierarchical public Internet versus private intranet Internet standards RFC: Request for comments IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force Mobile network Global ISP Home network Regional ISP Institutional network What’s the Internet: “nuts and bolts” view Introduction

  6. communication infrastructure enables distributed applications: Web, VoIP, email, games, e-commerce, file sharing communication services provided to apps: reliable data delivery from source to destination “best effort” (unreliable) data delivery Provide a comment playground for everyone What’s the Internet: a service view Introduction

  7. human protocols: “what’s the time?” “I have a question” introductions … specific msgs sent … specific actions taken when msgs received, or other events network protocols: machines rather than humans all communication activity in Internet governed by protocols What’s a protocol? protocols define format, order of msgs sent and received among network entities, and actions taken on msg transmission, receipt Introduction

  8. a human protocol and a computer network protocol: TCP connection response Get http://www.awl.com/kurose-ross Got the time? 2:00 <file> time What’s a protocol? Hi TCP connection request Hi Introduction

  9. Chapter 1: roadmap 1.1 What is the Internet? 1.2 Network edge • end systems, access networks, links 1.3 Network core • circuit switching, packet switching, network structure 1.4 Delay, loss and throughput in packet-switched networks 1.5 Protocol layers, service models 1.6 Networks under attack: security 1.7 History Introduction

  10. network edge: applications and hosts A closer look at network structure: • access networks, physical media: wired, wireless communication links • network core: • interconnected routers • network of networks Introduction

  11. end systems (hosts): run application programs e.g. Web, email at “edge of network” peer-peer client/server The network edge: • client/server model • client host requests, receives service from always-on server • e.g. Web browser/server; email client/server • peer-peer model: • minimal (or no) use of dedicated servers • e.g. Skype, BitTorrent, Joost Introduction

  12. Goal: data transfer between end systems handshaking: setup (prepare for) data transfer ahead of time Hello, hello back human protocol set up “state” in two communicating hosts TCP - Transmission Control Protocol Internet’s connection-oriented service TCP service[RFC 793] reliable, in-order byte-stream data transfer loss: acknowledgements and retransmissions flow control: sender won’t overwhelm receiver congestion control: senders “slow down sending rate” when network congested Network edge: connection-oriented service (TCP) Introduction

  13. Goal: data transfer between end systems same as before! UDP - User Datagram Protocol [RFC 768]: connectionless unreliable data transfer no flow control no congestion control No need to setup App’s using TCP: HTTP (Web), FTP (file transfer), Telnet/ssh (remote login), SMTP (email) App’s using UDP: streaming media, teleconferencing, DNS, Internet telephony Network edge: connectionless service (UDP) Introduction

  14. Q: How to connect end systems to edge router? residential access nets institutional access networks (school, company) mobile access networks Keep in mind: bandwidth (bits per second) of access network? shared or dedicated? Access networks and physical media Introduction

  15. Dialup via modem up to 56Kbps direct access to router (often less) Can’t surf and phone at same time: can’t be “always on” Residential access: point to point access • DSL: digital subscriber line • up to 1 Mbps upstream (today typically < 256 kbps) • up to 8 Mbps downstream (today typically < 1 Mbps) • Why asymmetric ? Why not 0 bps for upstream? • FDM: 50 kHz - 1 MHz for downstream 4 kHz - 50 kHz for upstream 0 kHz - 4 kHz for ordinary telephone Introduction

  16. HFC: hybrid fiber coaxial cable asymmetric: up to 30Mbps downstream, 2 Mbps upstream deployment: available via cable TV companies homes in neighborhood share access to router Residential access: cable modems • Cable modem compared to DSL: • Pro: Higher bandwidth (30 vs. 8; 2 vs. 1) • Con: Shared medium with neighbors Introduction

  17. Residential access: cable modems Diagram: http://www.cabledatacomnews.com/cmic/diagram.html Introduction

  18. Cable Network Architecture: Overview Typically 500 to 5,000 homes cable headend home cable distribution network (simplified) Introduction

  19. server(s) Cable Network Architecture: Overview cable headend home cable distribution network Introduction

  20. Cable Network Architecture: Overview cable headend home cable distribution network (simplified) Introduction

  21. C O N T R O L D A T A D A T A V I D E O V I D E O V I D E O V I D E O V I D E O V I D E O 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 Channels Cable Network Architecture: Overview FDM (more shortly): cable headend home cable distribution network Introduction

  22. company/univ local area network (LAN) connects end system to edge router Ethernet: 10 Mbs, 100Mbps, 1Gbps, 10Gbps Ethernet modern configuration: end systems connect into Ethernetswitch LANs: chapter 5 Company access: local area networks Introduction

  23. shared wireless access network connects end system to router via base station aka “access point” wireless LANs: 802.11b/g (WiFi): 11 or 54 Mbps wider-area wireless access provided by telco operator WAP in Europe, i-mode in Japan 4G cellular network next up (?): WiMAX (31mile, 70Mbps) over wide area 802.11 mesh network? Wireless access networks router base station mobile hosts Introduction

  24. Typical home network components: DSL or cable modem router/firewall/NAT Ethernet wireless access point Home networks wireless access point wireless laptops Router/ firewall to/from cable headend cable modem Ethernet Introduction

  25. Bit: propagates betweentransmitter/rcvr pairs physical link: what lies between transmitter & receiver guided media: signals propagate in solid media: copper, fiber, coax unguided media: signals propagate freely, e.g., radio Twisted Pair (TP) two insulated copper wires Category 3: traditional phone wires, 10 Mbps Ethernet Category 5: 100Mbps Ethernet Why twisted? Physical Media Introduction

  26. Coaxial cable: two concentric copper conductors bidirectional baseband: single channel on cable legacy Ethernet broadband: multiple channels on cable HFC Physical Media: coax, fiber Fiber optic cable: • glass fiber carrying light pulses, each pulse a bit • high-speed operation: • 10’s-100’s Gps • low error rate: immune to electromagnetic noise • Why lights not go out? Introduction

  27. signal carried in electromagnetic spectrum no physical “wire” bidirectional propagation environment effects: reflection obstruction by objects interference Physical media: radio Radio link types: • terrestrial microwave • e.g. up to 45 Mbps channels • LAN (e.g., Wifi) • 11Mbps, 54 Mbps • wide-area (e.g., cellular) • 3G cellular: ~ 1 Mbps • satellite • Kbps to 45Mbps channel (or multiple smaller channels) • 270 msec end-end delay • geosynchronous versus low altitude Introduction

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