Feed the Poor and Afflicted

2. Feed the Poor and Afflicted Protect the Earth Celebrate Life!

3. THE MONTREAL PROTOCOL WHAT IS THE MONTREAL PROTOCOL ? Montreal Protocol is an international treaty that regulates the phase out of all ozone depleting substances (not only methyl bromide) CURRENT PHASE OUT SHEDULE for METHYL BROMIDE. Montreal Protocol phase out does not include amounts for quarantine, pre-shipment AND critical uses Article 2 countries = developed countries according to the Montreal Protocol Article 5 countries = developing countries according to the Montreal Protocol

4. What is QPS & CUE? (Quarantine & Pre-shipment; Critical Use Exemption) Quarantine applications with methyl bromide are needed to prevent the migration of pests when importing or exporting different products. (quarantine fumigation of containers shipped to Australia to prevent infestation of Syrex wasp in Australia). Pre Shipment application is use of methyl bromide to sanitize goods before export (rice, grain, nuts etc.) Growers can apply for CRITICAL USES (CUE)_ when no alternative is effective or the alternative is economically not feasible. (Only after 2015 for most A5 countries) The Montreal Protocol does NOT Limit QPS Use

5. ODP means Ozone Depleting Potential (Standard is R11 with ODP = 1) ODP from Methyl Bromide 1992 = 0.7 1994 = 0.6 1998 = 0.4 – 0.2 2001 = 0.2 – 0.0 See also Some considerations on Methyl Bromide published by Prof. Casanova : page 6 The Methyl Bromide Fact Sheet: page 17 Methyl Bromide impact on ozone layer: page 19 Science WHAT IS ODP VALUE OF METHYL BROMIDE ? The Effect of Methyl Bromide on The Ozone is Much Lower Than originally Estimated.

6. Ozone depletion potential of methyl bromide Reality Science • Discovery of additional natural sources • Salt marshes • brassica plants • rice paddies • +/- 30% of natural sources of methyl bromide remain unidentified • Total global phase out by 2004 = <1% improvement in ozone recovery by 2050 Freezing the phase out at current levels for an additional 10 years will have no adverse effect on ozone recovery.

7. 10,000 M.T.s Science The ODP Re-calculation Reduced Emissions More Than Any “Control” Measure

8. Science Source Prof Casanove Paper Is There Really an Emissions Problem?

9. Science • Unlike every other ODS, most methyl bromide comes from natural sources. • According to the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO), farming and other uses emit about 27,000 metric tons of methyl bromide a year. (17 % of the total). • But the oceans emit more than twice that amount – 56,000 metric tons – and wetlands and rapeseed plants together emit another 11,000 metric tons • Another 60,000-70,000 metric tons of naturally produced methyl bromide comes from unknown source Do you believe that controlling 17% of all the methyl bromide produced will save the ozone?

10. Science A Short History of the Ozone Hole

11. Science Another Year to Year Comparison

12. Science The Ozone Hole 1979- 2003 What is Happening Here ?

13. Science Could there be other factors affecting the Ozone layer? “We were able to show, for instance that when El Chichon went off in 1981 and then Pinatubo in the 1990s, both had significant effects on the ups and downs of ozone depletion. Pinatubo, in particular, had a measurable effect in the northern mid-latitude depletion via chlorine chemistry on the volcanic particle surfaces in the stratosphere. That was a pretty major finding and really helped to explain why, at that time of history, the ozone in our latitudes looked the way it did.” • Dr Susan Solomon, Science Watch 2001 Some Ozone Depletion is Caused by Nature

14. Science Earth's ozone depletion is finally slowing30 July 03 NewScientist.com news service Almost 30 years after it was first reported that pollutants were destroying the Earth's protective ozone layer, there is clear evidence that the global CFC ban has had an impact. For the first time, it has been shown that the rate of ozone depletion in the upper stratosphere - 35 to 45 kilometres up - is slowing down. "This is the beginning of a recovery of the ozone layer," says Michael Newchurch, at the University of Alabama in Huntsville, who led the new research. Journal reference: Journal of Geophysical Research (DOI:10.1029/2003JD003471) The Ozone “Problem” is Getting Better

15. Overview of the Science • The ODP for methyl bromide continues to go down (and probably will go down even further) • The ozone layer appears to be “improving” (much of the science remains to be clarified) • The lowering of the ODP for methyl bromide may have made the need for further reductions unnecessary. • There is a growing evidence that man-made methyl bromide does NOT significantly impact the ozone layer In light of these findings why rush the Phase-out?

16. Are We Protecting The Environment?

17. Environment Are We Protecting the Environment? • Is safe drinking water important? • Is protecting the health of workers important? • Is it sound environmental policy to put more land into production? • Is a clean, safe supply of food important? Do the proposed “alternatives” to methyl bromide meet these criteria?

18. = No concern = Uncertain = Problem area Environment The “Alternatives" Have Problems of Their Own

19. Environment Fluoride Action Network March 29, 2004 Groups challenge EPA's approval of Dow's Sulfuryl fluoride:EPA allows 5 times higher levels for Infants than Adults • EPA identified fluoride as the major toxicological endpoint of concern for exposure to Sulfuryl fluoride. In its Risk Assessment, which served as the basis for approval, EPA made an unprecedented decision to allow an acceptable dosage for infants (0.571 mg/kg bodyweight/day) which is five times higher than for adults (0.114 mg/kg/day). • Workers are at risk not only from the acute toxicity of Sulfuryl fluoride but also the potential for brain, lung, kidney, and bone effects. What Will You Do If an Alternative “Goes Away”?

20. Environment European Community Establishes a Tolerance of 1 ppm for Fluoride Residue in Wine excerpt from: Federal Register: July 6, 2000 (Volume 65, Number 130)Rules and Regulations Page 41594-41601From the Federal Register Online via GPO Access [wais.access.gpo.gov] ACTION: Final rule.... III. Emergency Exemption for Tebufenozide on Grapes and FFDCA TolerancesGrapes are California's number one ranked crop in dollar value, accounting for over 90% of the grapes grown in the United States. The European export market for California wines accounts for well over $250 million. The Grape Leaf folder causes injury in the larval stages by rolling and feeding on the leaves, reducing photosynthetic function. The Omnivorous leaf roller directly reduces grape yields by injuring the flowers and developing berries it feeds on. The Omnivorous leaf roller also allows entry of bunch rot organisms that damage entire clusters which may result in rejection at the winery. Cryolite is the registered alternative most often used to control both Grape Leaf folders and Omnivorous leaf rollers. However, for the 2000 crop year, nearly all major California wineries with export markets have advised their growers that they will not accept grapes which have been treated with cryolite or any other product which would affect the level of fluorides in wine. The European Community recently established strict tolerance levels of 1 ppm with respect to fluoride residues. How Might This Affect Trade with The E.U.?

21. Environment Methyl Bromide is; • NOT a carcinogen (magazine articles are not studies) • NOT a mutagen • NOT a groundwater pollutant • NOT persistent in the soil or environment • NOT the ozone depleter it was once thought to be Economically, and Environmentally, Methyl Bromide is the Right Choice

22. We Need to Feed The World Update on Status of Methyl Bromide • Critical Use Exemptions for 2005 • QPS use in A5 and A2 • Country issues with the Protocol

23. Methyl Bromide Won’t Be Phased Out In 2005 Methyl Bromide Usage in 2005: • The E.U. will have 4,126 M.T. (9M pounds) as Critical Use Exemptions • The U.S. will have 19M pounds (8,961 M.T.’s) as Critical Use Exemptions • The E.U. will have approximately (1,012M.T.) for use as QPS. • The U.S. will have approximately 1-2M pounds for use as QPS. • Article 5 (Developing nations) will use approximately 4 M pounds for use as QPS. Methyl Bromide will Continue to be Used In 2005

24. CRITICAL USES in EU for 2005 TOTAL APPROVED VOLUME CUE is 21% of Baseline

25. CRITICAL USES in U.S for 2005 TOTAL APPROVED VOLUME CUE is 35% of Baseline

26. Other Issues With The Protocol You May Have Read or Heard About Some “Issues” A5 Countries are Having with the Protocol • There are 11-15 Developing Nations (A5) who are currently “out of compliance” with the Montreal Protocol. • A proposal has been put forward to the meeting of the Parties in Prague to grant “flexibility” when dealing with A5 phase-out dates. • Some A5 countries are having difficulty meeting phase-out schedules due to the ineffectiveness, or lack of alternatives This should have been expected, instead of “pushing” to get countries in compliance, UNEP should take the time necessary to completely and fairly address each countries specific problem. Is the Protocol Helping These Countries?

27. Overview of Phase-Out • QPS is not limited by the Protocol • The Scientific evidence against methyl bromide is not unequivocal. • There is no drop-in replacement for methyl bromide. • Alternatives are either not available or are not efficacious. • Alternatives have their own serious flaws. • Some A5 countries are currently “out of compliance” with the Protocol • Some A5 countries are having difficulties implementing their accelerated phase-out schedules. • A2 countries will have CUE in 2005 Why Not “Go Slow”?

28. ECONOMIC IMPACT

29. Source FAO Economic Impact Export Value of Selected Commodities That Use Methyl Bromide 3.7 BILLION DOLLARS! Why should You risk so much?

30. Economic Impact Value (in 000 of U.S.$) of Ten Commodities Imported into The U.S. in 2003 $631,000,000 in Exports Why Take a Chance?

31. Source FAO Economic Impact Value of Selected Imports (Values in 000’s of U.S.Dollars) $4,530,442,000 =Value of Your Imports

32. Economic Impact Estimated Fumigation of Imported Goods Based on estimated U.S.D.A. fumigations by sector Est. USDA % Treated Dollar Value of Commodity Why Take the Risk?

33. Economic Impact Estimated Fumigation of Imported Goods Based on estimated U.S.D.A. fumigations by sector What is the Minimum Impact Potential? • If 2% of total imports and exports are fumigated. The total value of those fumigated products is $162,000,000 • If only 0.05% of total imports and exports are fumigated with methyl bromide the total value of these products is $41,000,000 2% of Total Fumigated Total Imports & Exports for the Region are approximately $8.1Billion Dollars Why Is Safe Food, The Environment, and the Economy Being Jeopardized?

34. Review of the Issues • The science is unclear and doesn’t support any further phase-out. • The emissions goals of the protocol have already been achieved. • The ozone layer is recovering faster than expected. • 90% of the methyl bromide (or more) produced is produced naturally! • The economy of your country may be very adversely impacted by any further phase-out of methyl bromide! • Alternatives are not as effective, or have other problems Why Would You Consider Phasing Out QPS?

35. What Actions Can You Take? • Continue to use methyl bromide for QPS uses • Contact your Ag Ministries, and the Ministry of Environment, to let them know that you need methyl bromide to remain competitive. • Propose that for Article 5 nations consumption be frozen at the current levels until technically and economically feasible alternatives are available. • Propose that for Article 5 nations there be no CUE but rather a freeze at the current levels of consumption until alternatives are available. • Make that the phase-out is not used by the E.U.as a barrier to trade for Article 5 nations (this must not be allowed). • Don’t endanger your countries trade and economy without some guarantees. If You Expect Change..You Must Act