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CHAPTER 4 DEVELOPING A BUSINESS PLAN: BUDGETING. Chapter Overview. How does a budget contribute toward helping a company achieve its goals? Do the activities of a company have a logical order that drives the organization of a budget?
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CHAPTER 4 DEVELOPING A BUSINESS PLAN: BUDGETING
Chapter Overview • How does a budget contribute toward helping a company achieve its goals? • Do the activities of a company have a logical order that drives the organization of a budget? • What is the structure of the budgeting process, and how does a company begin that process?
Chapter Overview • What are the similarities and differences between a retail company’s and a service company’s master budget? • After a company begins the budgeting process, is there a strategy it can use to complete the budget? • How can a manager use a budget to evaluate a company’s performance and then use the results of that evaluation to influence the company’s plans?
As an example, a budget might show how many products a company plans to sell in the next year, the dollar amount of the sales, and when the company will collect the cash from the sales. Budgeting and Budgets • Budgeting is a formal part of the ongoing planning process. • A budget is a report that gives a financial description of one part of a company’s planned activities for the budget period.
Add discipline, or order, to the planning process. Recognize and avoid potential operating problems. Quantify plans. Create a benchmark for evaluating the company’s performance. The Benefits of Budgeting • Budgeting improves the planning, operating, and evaluating processes by helping to:
Purchase inventory Retail Company Operating Cycle • A retail company’s operating cycle is the average time it takes the company to use cash to buy goods for sale (called inventory), to sell these goods to customers, and to collect the cash from its customers. Collect cash Sell to customers
Acquire supplies and services Service Company Operating Cycle • A service company’s operating cycle is the average time it takes the company to use cash to acquire supplies and services, to sell the services to customers, and to collect the cash from its customers. Collect cash Sell to customers
Master Budgets • The master budget is the overall structure a company uses to organize its budgeting process. • The master budget shows the relationships among company goals, activities, resources, and expected financial results.
Retail CompanyMaster Budget Aretail company’s master budget might include these related components • Sales budget. • Purchases budget. • Selling expenses budget • General & administrative expenses budget. • Cash budget (projected cash flow statement. • Projected income statement. • Projected balance sheet.
Budgeted total sales revenues by month (unit sales X selling price). Budgeted cash sales versus credit sales by month. Expected cash collections by month. Retail Sales Budget • The budgeting process begins with the sales budget because product sales or service contracts affect all of the other operating activities of a company. • A typical sales budget for a retail company would include the following items:
Just-in-time on customer demand Too high Out of stock; high cost of fast delivery Ties up cash resources; high storage costs Too low Inventory on hand Retail Purchases Budget • Once the units sales are budgeted, the next logical step is the timing and amounts of inventory purchases to meet the budgeted sales forecast. Determining the timing and amounts of inventory is important.
How would I factor inventory level into my purchases budget? Reflection
Note how the ending inventory in one month becomes the beginning inventory in the next. Retail Purchases Budget • The purchases budget begins with budgeted unit sales from the sales budget, adding in desired ending inventory. • This approach helps to minimize risks of underestimating actual sales or overestimating the inventory that should be on hand.
Budgeted selling expenses such as salaries, advertising and depreciation on store equipment by month. Budgeted cash payments for selling expenses by month. Retail Selling Expenses Budget • The selling expenses budget shows the expenses and related cash payments associated with planned selling activities. • A typical selling budget for a retail company would include the following items:
Budgeted G&A expenses such as rent, salaries, consulting expenses, supplies, and utilities by month. Budgeted cash payments for G&A expenses by month. Retail G&AExpenses Budget • The general and administrative (G&A) expenses budget shows the expenses and related cash payments associated with expected activities other than selling. • A typical G&A expenses budget for a retail company might include the following items:
Too low: can’t fund operations; no buffer; unanticipated borrowings Too high: idle resources not invested in operations Cash on hand Retail Cash Budget • Once the sales, purchases, and expenses budgets are completed, the company can put together its cash budget. • Like the amount of inventory, a company needs to manage its cash so it does not keep too much or too little on hand.
Cash receipts and payments from planned financing activities Cash receipts and payments from planned operations Cash receipts and payments from planned investing activities Projected Cash Flow Statement • This statement summarizes the cash receipts and payments by operating, investing, and financing activities. It is the cash budget of the company’s planned activities. Operating activities Investing activities Financing activities
Projected Income Statement • This statement summarizes the company’s expected revenues and expenses for the budget period, based on the planned activities. • The data is derived from the sales budget, purchases budget, and the expenses budget. • In order to provide more useful information for management to monitor and evaluate the planned activities, the projected income statement categorizes expenses into variable and fixed costs.
Projected Balance Sheet • This statement summarizes the company’s expected financial position on a particular date, based on the planned activities. • Like other projected financial statements, its purpose is to project a future result. • In this case of Sweet Temptations, the projected balance sheet summarizes the projected assets, liabilities, and owners’ equity of the company at the end of the budget period.
Why is supplies expense $20 more than expected? What strategies should we implement to monitor this expense? Evaluating Results • By analyzing differences between the company’s budgeted results and actual results, managers can monitor and evaluate results on an interim basis and implement corrective action if necessary.
