Addressing Social Determinants in New Mexico: Vision, Action, Measuring Outcomes

1. Addressing Social Determinantsin New Mexico: Vision, Action, Measuring Outcomes Second Annual Cultural Competence Seminar Texas Tech University HSC at El Paso – April 12, 2013 Arthur Kaufman, MD Vice Chancellor for Community Health Distinguished Professor of Family and Community Medicine University of New Mexico akaufman@salud.unm.edu

2. Context: Sample Assets and Deficits • Sample Assets • State large, rural • Ethnic diversity—majority are Hispanic, American Indian and Afro-American • Supportive of affirmative action • Sample Deficits • 26% uninsured • One of poorest states • Maldistributionof health workforce by geography, ethnicity, specialty • Large number of undocumented immigrant from Central and Latin America

3. Major Gaps/Challenges • Fragmented system of medical, behavioral, social services • Poor access to basic services • Maldistribution of health professionals • Research priorities often not aligned with community’s priorities

4. Access and Ethnicity • Population is becoming more ethnically diverse • But U.S. medical students from more upper income families • Impact of ethnicity on access:

5. Establishment of Office for Community Health • Appointed Vice Chancellor of Community Health • Goal: build bridgeswith community partners • Programmatic efforts guided by extensive community input, guidance

6. Comments from a Sampling of Community Health Leaders • Important to overcome image: • “University of ABQ,” • “UNM only present while grant funds last” • UNM needs to: • Commit to long term partnerships, not just when grant present • Build upon local wisdom, leaders, organizations, programs • Create central office at UNM, single telephone number to help communities and providers navigate the UNM Health System • Have full-time presence in all communities like NMSU

8. Universities & Community Engagement “Most university-community partnerships are one-sided altruism. The University gives things to a needy community, compensated by warm feelings and a grant until it ends.” – Howell Baum “Shifting institutional leadership and grant-based funding often relegates community partnerships to boutique initiatives, paraded out when the university needs to demonstrate its engagement bona fides…Many community engagement offices are tucked away in outreach centers or isolated in a single school or college, outside the mainstream of the university’s priorities.”– Mary Jane Brukardt

9. History of Medical Education Innovation in New Mexico • 1979 Change preclinical curriculum • 1988 Change clinical curriculum • 1992 Change residency education • 1998 Interdisciplinary learning • 2000 Change clinical practice • 2008 Integrate public health and medicine • 2010 Address the social determinants of health, disease

10. How We’re Changing Education:Curriculum Relevant to Community HealthPublic Health Certificate(17 credits) for all UNM medical students matriculating in 2010

11. FM resident Outcomes, Plans • 76 Residents, half in ABQ, half in rural NM • 25% of ABQ grads work in rural NM • 70% of rural NM grads for in rural NM

12. County Health Councils’ Priorities (in order) Substance Abuse Teen Pregnancy Obesity Access to Care Violence Diabetes UNM HSC Research Priorities (“Signature Programs”) Cancer Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Brain and Behavior Infectious Disease and Immunity How We’re Changing Research:2007 Top Health Priorities from 31 County and 6 Tribal Councils(compared with UNM HSC research priorities)

13. Growing Need for New, Integrated Models of Care • “Status One”– top 5 % of care users consume 50% of resources • Social determinants of disease in high user subset • 70% underlying cause of high ER use “behavioral” • 70% of “behavioral” is alcohol and substance abuse • Intense case management requires collaboration (medical, behavioral, social, community outreach)

14. Determinants of Health Contribution to Mortality • Lifestyle 43% • Biology/Genetics 27% • Environment 19% • Health Services 11% % Nat’l Health Budget 1% 7% 2% 91%

15. Quality Care is Not Enoughex. Diabetes in Native Americans • Recommended Preventive Services: - Native Americans have best rates • Deaths from Diabetes: - Native Americans have highest rates New Mexico Dept of Health 2010 Report on Ethnic Disparities in Health

16. Education and Health • High correlation of educational attainment and health • 56% of New Mexicans had some college education (we rank 36th in nation) • If 24% more (80%) had some college, we would avert 677 deaths/year Source: Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Commission to Build a Healthier America

17. “Food Deserts” in New MexicoAreas with Limited Access to Affordable and Nutritious Food

18. Adverse Childhood ExperiencesCorrelated with Chronic Disease in Adults Childhood Abuse • Physical • Emotional • Sexual Adults in Home • Mother beaten • Mental Illness • Alcohol of substance abuse • Having been a prisoner Fellitti VJ, Anda RF, Nordenberg D, et al. Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults. Am J Prev Medicine, Vol, 14, No. 4: 245-258

19. The Social Health of the Fifty States: Where is New Mexico? This combines in a single measure each states’ performance on 16 social indicators representing different stages of life (ex. Child poverty, teen drug use, unemployment, suicide among elderly, food stamp coverage) Source: Institute for Public Health

20. Tips for Staying Healthy • Don’t be poor • Don’t have poor parents • Own a car • Don’t work in a stressful, low paid manual job • Don’t be unemployed • Don’t live in damp, low quality housing – Dave Gordon, 1999

21. Establish Health Extension Rural Offices • Place full-time agents in rural communities across the state • Link community health priorities with UNM resources • Monitor effectiveness of university programs in addressing community health needs Kaufman, A, et al: Health Extension in New Mexico: An Academic Health Center and the Social Determinants of Disease. The Annals of Family Medicine, Jan. 2010, vol. 8 No. 1.

22. HEROs Roles • HERO Regional Coordinators, Agents HSC linked, community-based • They decentralize AHC resources & expertise in all mission areas • They facilitate community-campus engagement, partnerships • They educate, advocate so AHC priorities, activities better align with community’s

24. McKinley County – Crownpoint Youth/Pipeline Development into Health Professions • “Grow our own” • “Health Summit” – Eastern Navajo Mid-Schoolers • Future mentoring

25. Hidalgo/Grant County Service • Telehealth • Telepharmacy • Case Manage via Comm Health Workers • “Health Commons Model” • “The Hidalgo Initiative”

26. HEROs & AHEC Train Community Health Workers • Training Subjects (ex.) • Motivational Interviewing • Community Resources • Behavioral Health • Range of Services Provided (ex.) • Navigation • Chronic Disease Management • Health Literacy • Funding Sources • Managed Care • County • Research Grants

28. Health Extension, Cooperative Extension and CHWs Working Together on Social Determinants Cooperative Extension gives nutrition classes in primary care clinics Food Co-op Economic development ollas honey eggs chickens plants Housing renovation Urban Gardening

29. Community Health Workers (“Promotoras”): Sustainable Funding via Medicaid Managed Care Organizations • Managed Medicaid MCO profits reduced by high ER use • Can’t locate high user group for their case managers • Dept Fam & Comm Med received MCO contract to hire, train CHWs – assigned “panel” of high users to “manage” in field • Results: • 62% reduction in cost to MCOs • Program extended to 2 other MCOs • Program expanded to 5 other regions of state • Pilot: FM resident/CHW teams co-manage panel, teach each other

30. Spectrum of Core Family Support Services – Model Articulation

31. The HEROs-CTSC Program • Act as community-based arm of CTSC (10 HEROs paid at 0.1 FTE each) • Training • CTSC trains Agents on researchers’ needs, community-engagement strategies, educating communities on CTSC-related research • HERO Agents train CTSC on strengths, comm capacity-building of HEROs • Role of HERO Agents • Notify CTSC of their communities’ priorities • Ensure translation of research outcome to action at community level • Sustain and expand community capacity on basis of research – ex community training in grant-writing, coalition-building

32. The HEROs-CTSC Program (cont.) • Bi-Directional Benefit - Improved quality, effectiveness of researchers’ endeavors - Positive impact on community capacity and health outcomes • Monitoring Effectiveness - Maintaining County Health Report Cards - Program effectiveness in facilitating HSC research with communities - Program effectiveness in improving community health

33. Sample County Health Report Card

34. County Health Rankings Complied by Sara Araujo, Institute for Public Health

35. Health Measures for Lea County: Red Flags

36. Example of Determinant and Outcome Tracking in State

37. Regional HERO Agents/Coordinators Becoming Regional Academic Hubs Expansion of HEROs to Academic Hubs Location of HEROs

38. “Spin Off”: New Institutional Vision Statement and Core Strategic Goal “The University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center will work with community partners to help New Mexico make more progress in health and health equity than any other state by 2020.”

39. Social Determinants – Contributors to a National Movement • AAHC - Social Determinants of Health (Albuquerque 2011, Charleston 2012) • AAMC, CDC - Regional Medicine-Public Health Education Centers (involves 30 schools) • Affordable Care Act: Section 5405 “Primary Care Extension Program” (AHRQ’s IMPaCT grant involves 16 states)

40. Social Determinants – Contributors to a National Movement • Commonwealth Fund: Natl dissemination of “Health Extension” program (involves 4 states) • Beyond Flexner: Social Mission of Medical Schools (Geo Wash.U/Kellogg Foundation involves 6 schools) • U-Health: AAMC, USU/APLU, NIMHD: Health workforce analysis to reduce health disparities (involves 5 schools)